Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, 400 Kent St, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.
Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia.
J Gambl Stud. 2019 Mar;35(1):225-246. doi: 10.1007/s10899-018-9765-z.
Sports betting is increasing worldwide, with an associated increase in sports betting-related problems. Previous studies have examined risk factors for problem gambling amongst sports bettors and have identified demographic, behavioural, marketing, normative and impulsiveness factors. These studies have generally compared those in problem gambling, or a combination of moderate risk and problem gambling, groups to non-problem gamblers, often due to statistical power issues. However, recent evidence suggests that, at a population level, the bulk of gambling-related harm stems from low risk and moderate risk gamblers, rather than problem gamblers. Thus it is essential to understand the risk factors for each level of gambling-related problems (low risk, moderate risk, problem) separately. The present study used a large sample (N = 1813) to compare each gambling risk group to non-problem gamblers, first using bivariate and then multivariate statistical techniques. A range of demographic, behavioural, marketing, normative and impulsiveness variables were included as possible risk factors. The results indicated that some variables, such as gambling expenditure, number of accounts with different operators, number of different types of promotions used and impulsiveness were significantly higher for all risk groups, while others such as some normative factors, age, gender and particular sports betting variables only applied to those with the highest level of gambling-related problems. The results generally supported findings from previous literature for problem gamblers, and extended these findings to low risk and moderate risk groups. In the future, where statistical power allows, risk factors should be assessed separately for all levels of gambling problems.
体育博彩在全球范围内不断增加,与之相关的问题也随之增加。 先前的研究已经调查了体育博彩者中赌博问题的风险因素,并确定了人口统计学、行为、营销、规范和冲动因素。这些研究通常将那些有赌博问题或中度风险和赌博问题组合的人与非赌博者进行比较,这主要是由于统计能力的问题。然而,最近的证据表明,在人口层面上,大部分与赌博相关的危害来自低风险和中度风险的赌徒,而不是有问题的赌徒。因此,了解每个赌博相关问题水平(低风险、中度风险、问题)的风险因素是至关重要的。本研究使用了一个大样本(N=1813),首先使用双变量和多变量统计技术,将每个赌博风险组与非赌博者进行比较。包括了一系列人口统计学、行为、营销、规范和冲动变量作为可能的风险因素。结果表明,一些变量,如赌博支出、与不同运营商的账户数量、使用的不同类型的促销活动数量和冲动,在所有风险群体中都显著更高,而其他一些变量,如一些规范因素、年龄、性别和特定的体育博彩变量,仅适用于那些赌博相关问题最严重的人。研究结果普遍支持了先前关于有问题的赌徒的文献发现,并将这些发现扩展到低风险和中度风险群体。在未来,在统计能力允许的情况下,应分别评估所有赌博问题水平的风险因素。