Merging of the photocatalysis and copper catalysis in metal-organic frameworks for oxidative C-C bond formation.

The direct formation of new C-C bonds through photocatalytic oxidative coupling from low reactive sp C-H bonds using environmentally benign and cheap oxygen as oxidant is an important area in sustainable chemistry. By incorporating the photoredox catalyst [SiWORu(HO)] into the pores of Cu-based metal-organic frameworks, a new approach for merging Cu-catalysis/Ru-photocatalysis within one single MOF was achieved. The direct Cu-O-W(Ru) bridges made the two metal catalyses being synergetic, enabling the application on the catalysis of the oxidative coupling C-C bond formation from acetophenones and -phenyl-tetrahydroisoquinoline with excellent conversion and size-selectivity. The method takes advantage of visible light photoredox catalysis to generate iminium ion intermediate from -phenyl-tetrahydroisoquinoline under mild conditions and the easy combination with Cu-catalyzed activation of nucleophiles. Control catalytic experiments using similar Cu-based sheets but with the photoredox catalytic anions embedded was also investigated for comparison.