1 Centro di Ricerca "E. Menni", Fondazione Poliambulanza- Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy.
2 Istituto di Anatomia Umana e Biologia Cellulare, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Rome, Italy.
Cell Transplant. 2018 Jan;27(1):31-44. doi: 10.1177/0963689717742819.
Among the many cell types useful in developing therapeutic treatments, human amniotic cells from placenta have been proposed as valid candidates. Both human amniotic epithelial and mesenchymal stromal cells, and the conditioned medium generated from their culture, exert multiple immunosuppressive activities. Indeed, they inhibit T and B cell proliferation, suppress inflammatory properties of monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and natural killer cells, while promoting induction of cells with regulatory functions such as regulatory T cells and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. These properties have laid the foundation for their use for the treatment of inflammatory-based diseases, and encouraging results have been obtained in different preclinical disease models where exacerbated inflammation is present. Moreover, an immune-privileged status of amniotic cells has been often highlighted. However, even if long-term engraftment of amniotic cells has been reported into immunocompetent animals, only few cells survive after infusion. Furthermore, amniotic cells have been shown to be able to induce immune responses in vivo and, under specific culture conditions, they can stimulate T cell proliferation in vitro. Although immunosuppressive properties are a widely recognized characteristic of amniotic cells, immunogenic and stimulatory activities appear to be less reported, sporadic events. In order to improve therapeutic outcome, the mechanisms responsible for the suppressive versus stimulatory activity need to be carefully addressed. In this review, both the immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory activity of amniotic cells will be discussed.
在许多用于开发治疗方法的细胞类型中，胎盘来源的人羊膜细胞已被提议作为有效的候选细胞。人羊膜上皮细胞和间充质基质细胞，以及它们的培养物产生的条件培养基，发挥多种免疫抑制作用。事实上，它们抑制 T 细胞和 B 细胞的增殖，抑制单核细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞、中性粒细胞和自然杀伤细胞的炎症特性，同时促进具有调节功能的细胞如调节性 T 细胞和抗炎 M2 巨噬细胞的诱导。这些特性为它们在治疗炎症性疾病中的应用奠定了基础，并在存在炎症加剧的不同临床前疾病模型中获得了令人鼓舞的结果。此外，羊膜细胞通常具有免疫特权状态。然而，即使已经报道了羊膜细胞在免疫活性动物中长期植入，输注后只有少数细胞存活。此外，已经表明羊膜细胞能够在体内诱导免疫反应，并且在特定的培养条件下，它们能够在体外刺激 T 细胞增殖。尽管免疫抑制特性是羊膜细胞的一个广泛认可的特征，但免疫原性和刺激性活性似乎报道较少，是偶发事件。为了提高治疗效果，需要仔细研究负责抑制与刺激活性的机制。在这篇综述中，将讨论羊膜细胞的免疫抑制和免疫刺激活性。
