USDA-ARS, Southern Insect Management Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
USDA-ARS, Southern Insect Management Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2018 Jul;209:9-17. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.03.005. Epub 2018 Mar 18.
Acephate (organophosphate) is frequently used to control piercing/sucking insects in field crops in southern United States, which may pose a risk to honey bees. In this study, toxicity of acephate (formulation Bracket97) was examined in honey bees through feeding treatments with sublethal (pollen residue level: 0.168 mg/L) and median-lethal (LC: 6.97 mg/L) concentrations. Results indicated that adult bees treated with acephate at residue concentration did not show significant increase in mortality, but esterase activity was significantly suppressed. Similarly, bees treated with binary mixtures of acephate with six formulated pesticides (all at residue dose) consistently showed lower esterase activity and body weight. Clothianidin, λ-cyhalothrin, oxamyl, tetraconazole, and chlorpyrifos may interact with acephate significantly to reduce body weight in treated bees. The dose response data (LC50: 6.97 mg/L) revealed a relatively higher tolerance to acephate in Stoneville bee population (USA) than populations elsewhere, although in general the population is still very sensitive to the organophosphate. In addition to killing 50% of the treated bees acephate (6.97 mg/L) inhibited 79.9%, 20.4%, and 29.4% of esterase, Glutathione S-transferase (GST), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities, respectively, in survivors after feeding treatment for 48 h. However, P450 activity was elevated 20% in bees exposed to acephate for 48 h. Even though feeding on sublethal acephate did not kill honey bees directly, chronic toxicity to honey bee was noticeable in body weight loss and esterase suppression, and its potential risk of synergistic interactions with other formulated pesticides should not be ignored.
乙酰甲胺磷（有机磷）在美国南部的大田作物中常用于防治刺吸式昆虫，这可能对蜜蜂构成威胁。在这项研究中，通过亚致死（花粉残留水平：0.168mg/L）和中致死（LC：6.97mg/L）浓度的喂食处理，研究了乙酰甲胺磷（Bracket97 制剂）对蜜蜂的毒性。结果表明，在残留浓度下，处理后的成年蜜蜂死亡率没有显著增加，但酯酶活性显著受到抑制。同样，用乙酰甲胺磷与六种配方农药（均为残留剂量）的二元混合物处理的蜜蜂，酯酶活性和体重一直较低。噻虫嗪、高效氯氟氰菊酯、涕灭威、三唑酮和毒死蜱可能与乙酰甲胺磷显著相互作用，降低处理蜜蜂的体重。剂量反应数据（LC50：6.97mg/L）表明，Stoneville 蜜蜂种群（美国）对乙酰甲胺磷的耐受性相对较高，尽管总体而言，该种群对有机磷仍非常敏感。乙酰甲胺磷（6.97mg/L）除了能杀死 50%的处理蜜蜂外，还分别抑制了幸存者 48h 喂食处理后 79.9%、20.4%和 29.4%的酯酶、谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶（GST）和乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）活性。然而，暴露于乙酰甲胺磷 48h 的蜜蜂的 P450 活性提高了 20%。尽管亚致死剂量的乙酰甲胺磷不会直接杀死蜜蜂，但体重减轻和酯酶抑制表明蜜蜂慢性中毒明显，其与其他配方农药协同作用的潜在风险不容忽视。
