Lin Ziqiu, Pang Shimei, Zhang Wenping, Mishra Sandhya, Bhatt Pankaj, Chen Shaohua
State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.
Front Microbiol. 2020 Aug 18;11:2045. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02045. eCollection 2020.
Acephate is an organophosphate pesticide that has been widely used to control insect pests in agricultural fields for decades. However, its use has been partially restricted in many countries due to its toxic intermediate product methamidophos. Long term exposure to acephate and methamidophos in non-target organisms results in severe poisonous effects, which has raised public concern and demand for the removal of these pollutants from the environment. In this paper, the toxicological effects of acephate and/or methamidophos on aquatic and land animals, including humans are reviewed, as these effects promote the necessity of removing acephate from the environment. Physicochemical degradation mechanisms of acephate and/or methamidophos are explored and explained, such as photo-Fenton, ultraviolet/titanium dioxide (UV/TiO) photocatalysis, and ultrasonic ozonation. Compared with physicochemical methods, the microbial degradation of acephate and methamidophos is emerging as an eco-friendly method that can be used for large-scale treatment. In recent years, microorganisms capable of degrading methamidophos or acephate have been isolated, including sp., , , , and Enzymes related to acephate and/or methamidophos biodegradation include phosphotriesterase, paraoxonase 1, and carboxylesterase. Furthermore, several genes encoding organophosphorus degrading enzymes have been identified, such as , , and . However, few reviews have focused on the biochemical pathways and molecular mechanisms of acephate and methamidophos. In this review, the mechanisms and degradation pathways of acephate and methamidophos are summarized in order to provide a new way of thinking for the study of the degradation of acephate and methamidophos.
乙酰甲胺磷是一种有机磷农药，几十年来一直在农业领域广泛用于控制害虫。然而，由于其有毒中间产物甲胺磷，其使用在许多国家受到了部分限制。非靶标生物长期接触乙酰甲胺磷和甲胺磷会产生严重的毒害作用，这引起了公众的关注以及从环境中去除这些污染物的需求。本文综述了乙酰甲胺磷和/或甲胺磷对水生和陆生动物（包括人类）的毒理学效应，因为这些效应凸显了从环境中去除乙酰甲胺磷的必要性。探讨并解释了乙酰甲胺磷和/或甲胺磷的物理化学降解机制，如光芬顿法、紫外/二氧化钛（UV/TiO₂）光催化和超声臭氧化。与物理化学方法相比，乙酰甲胺磷和甲胺磷的微生物降解正成为一种可用于大规模处理的环保方法。近年来，已分离出能够降解甲胺磷或乙酰甲胺磷的微生物，包括[具体微生物名称1]、[具体微生物名称2]、[具体微生物名称3]、[具体微生物名称4]和[具体微生物名称5]。与乙酰甲胺磷和/或甲胺磷生物降解相关的酶包括磷酸三酯酶、对氧磷酶1和羧酸酯酶。此外，已鉴定出几个编码有机磷降解酶的基因，如[具体基因名称1]、[具体基因名称2]和[具体基因名称3]。然而，很少有综述关注乙酰甲胺磷和甲胺磷的生化途径和分子机制。在本综述中，总结了乙酰甲胺磷和甲胺磷的机制及降解途径，以便为乙酰甲胺磷和甲胺磷降解研究提供新的思路。
