UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Institute for Environment and Development (Lestari), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia.
Lung Cancer. 2018 Apr;118:69-75. doi: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.01.016. Epub 2018 Jan 31.
Hazardous air pollutants or chemical release into the environment by a variety of natural and/or anthropogenic activities may give adverse effects to human health. Air pollutants such as sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), heavy metals and particulate matter (PM) affect number of different human organs, especially the respiratory system. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reported that ambient air pollution is a cause of lung cancer. Recently, the agency has classified outdoor air pollution as well as PM air pollution as Group 1 carcinogens. In addition, several epidemiological studies have shown a positive association between air pollutants to lung cancer risks and mortality. However, there are only a few studies examining the molecular effects of air pollution exposure specifically in lung cancer due to multiple challenges to mimic air pollution exposure in basic experimentation. Another major issue is the lack of adequate adjustments for exposure misclassification as air pollution may differ temporo-spatially and socioeconomically. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to review the current molecular understanding of air pollution-related lung cancer and potential future direction in this challenging yet important research field.
有害空气污染物或化学物质通过各种自然和/或人为活动释放到环境中，可能会对人类健康产生不利影响。空气污染物，如二氧化硫 (SO2)、氮氧化物 (NOx)、一氧化碳 (CO)、重金属和颗粒物 (PM)，会影响许多不同的人体器官，尤其是呼吸系统。国际癌症研究机构 (IARC) 报告称，环境空气污染是肺癌的一个原因。最近，该机构将室外空气污染和 PM 空气污染归类为 1 类致癌物。此外，多项流行病学研究表明，空气污染物与肺癌风险和死亡率之间存在正相关关系。然而，由于在基础实验中模拟空气污染暴露存在多种挑战，专门针对肺癌的空气污染暴露的分子影响的研究较少。另一个主要问题是缺乏对暴露分类错误的充分调整，因为空气污染可能会随时间和空间以及社会经济状况而变化。因此，本文旨在综述当前关于空气污染与肺癌相关的分子认识，以及在这个充满挑战但又非常重要的研究领域的潜在未来方向。
