Luo Kai, Stepanov Irina, Hecht Stephen S
Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Ann Cancer Epidemiol. 2019 Sep;3. doi: 10.21037/ace.2019.08.01. Epub 2019 Sep 6.
Epidemiology and laboratory studies support the conclusion that air pollution is carcinogenic to humans. Chemically specific biomarkers are useful for determining human exposure to, and metabolism of, potentially toxic and carcinogenic components of air pollution, and distinguishing exposures due to air pollution from those resulting from tobacco smoke.
Representative chemically specific biomarkers, quantified by mass spectrometry and related techniques, are discussed. The biomarkers are related to exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile toxicants and carcinogens, oxidants, DNA damaging compounds, and metals found in polluted air.
Quantifiable chemically specific biomarkers potentially useful in studies of air pollution carcinogenesis include urinary 1-hydroxypyrene, metabolites of benzo[]pyrene, phenanthrene, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, acrolein, and crotonaldehyde, as well as products of oxidative damage such as urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, malondialdehyde, and F-isoprostanes, certain DNA adducts, and metals. Tobacco-specific metabolites such as cotinine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol can be used to distinguish tobacco-related exposures from those resulting from air pollution.
The following validated chemically specific biomarkers are currently the optimal ones for use in studies of air pollution and cancer: urinary 1-hydroxypyrene, phenanthrene metabolites, -phenyl mercapturic acid, urinary or blood Cd, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and F-isoprostanes such as 8--PGF. This suite of biomarkers will reliably establish exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene and Cd, and will also provide critical information on oxidative damage and inflammation, both of which are important in carcinogenesis.
流行病学和实验室研究支持空气污染对人类具有致癌性这一结论。化学特异性生物标志物有助于确定人类对空气污染中潜在有毒和致癌成分的暴露情况及其代谢情况，并区分空气污染所致暴露与烟草烟雾所致暴露。
讨论了通过质谱及相关技术定量的代表性化学特异性生物标志物。这些生物标志物与多环芳烃、挥发性毒物和致癌物、氧化剂、DNA损伤化合物以及污染空气中发现的金属的暴露有关。
在空气污染致癌研究中可能有用的可定量化学特异性生物标志物包括尿中1-羟基芘、苯并[a]芘、菲、苯、1,3-丁二烯、丙烯醛和巴豆醛的代谢产物，以及氧化损伤产物，如尿中8-羟基-2'-脱氧鸟苷、丙二醛和F-异前列腺素、某些DNA加合物和金属。烟草特异性代谢产物，如可替宁和4-(甲基亚硝基氨基)-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁醇，可用于区分与烟草相关的暴露和空气污染所致暴露。
以下经过验证的化学特异性生物标志物目前是空气污染与癌症研究中最适用的：尿中1-羟基芘、菲代谢产物、苯巯基尿酸、尿或血中的镉、8-羟基脱氧鸟苷和F-异前列腺素，如8-表前列腺素F2α。这套生物标志物将可靠地确定对致癌多环芳烃、苯和镉的暴露情况，还将提供有关氧化损伤和炎症的关键信息，这两者在致癌过程中都很重要。
