Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK.
National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK.
Nutrients. 2018 Mar 30;10(4):431. doi: 10.3390/nu10040431.
Energy-containing liquids are claimed to have relatively low satiating power, although energy in liquids is not without effect on appetite. Using the preload test-meal method, effects on fullness and energy intake compensation were compared across four drinks (water, blackcurrant squash, milk and fruit smoothie) and the fresh fruit equivalent of the smoothie. Preload volumes were similar, and the energy value of each preload was 569 kJ, except for water (0 kJ). Healthy, adult participants rated the preloads for liking, enjoyment, satisfaction, familiarity and how 'food-like' they seemed. The preload to test-meal interval was 2 min ( = 23) or 2 h ( = 24). The effects of the preloads on fullness varied with food-likeness and the rate at which they were consumed. In contrast, energy intake compensation versus water did not differ between the energy-containing preloads, although it decreased over time (from 82% at 2 min to 12% at 2 h). In conclusion, although fullness increased with food-likeness, subsequent energy intake compensation did not differ for energy/nutrients consumed in drinks compared with a food. The results also support the proposal that food intake is influenced predominantly by the immediate, but rapidly waning, post-ingestive effects of the previous 'meal' (rather than by changes in energy balance).
含能液体被认为饱腹感相对较低，尽管液体中的能量对食欲没有影响。采用预负荷试验餐法，比较了四种饮料（水、黑加仑汁、牛奶和水果冰沙）和冰沙对应的新鲜水果对饱腹感和能量摄入补偿的影响。预负荷量相似，每份预负荷的能量值为 569kJ，除了水（0kJ）。健康的成年参与者对预负荷的喜好、享受、满足感、熟悉度和它们看起来有多“像食物”进行了评价。预负荷到试验餐的间隔时间为 2 分钟（ = 23）或 2 小时（ = 24）。预负荷对饱腹感的影响因食物相似性和消耗速度而异。相比之下，与水相比，含能预负荷之间的能量摄入补偿并没有差异，尽管它随着时间的推移而减少（从 2 分钟时的 82%减少到 2 小时时的 12%）。总之，尽管饱腹感随着食物相似性的增加而增加，但与食物相比，饮料中摄入的能量/营养素的后续能量摄入补偿并没有差异。研究结果还支持这样一种观点，即食物摄入主要受先前“餐”的即时但迅速消退的餐后效应影响（而不是能量平衡的变化）。
