Ivanenko Yury, Gurfinkel Victor S
Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
Biomedical Engineering Department, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.
Front Neurosci. 2018 Mar 20;12:171. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00171. eCollection 2018.
From ancient Greece to nowadays, research on posture control was guided and shaped by many concepts. Equilibrium control is often considered part of postural control. However, two different levels have become increasingly apparent in the postural control system, one level sets a distribution of tonic muscle activity ("posture") and the other is assigned to compensate for internal or external perturbations ("equilibrium"). While the two levels are inherently interrelated, both neurophysiological and functional considerations point toward distinct neuromuscular underpinnings. Disturbances of muscle tone may in turn affect movement performance. The unique structure, specialization and properties of skeletal muscles should also be taken into account for understanding important peripheral contributors to postural regulation. Here, we will consider the neuromechanical basis of habitual posture and various concepts that were rather influential in many experimental studies and mathematical models of human posture control.
从古希腊到如今，姿势控制的研究受到诸多概念的引导和塑造。平衡控制常被视为姿势控制的一部分。然而，姿势控制系统中两个不同的层面已愈发明显，一个层面设定紧张性肌肉活动的分布（“姿势”），另一个层面则用于补偿内部或外部的干扰（“平衡”）。尽管这两个层面本质上相互关联，但神经生理学和功能方面的考量都指向了不同的神经肌肉基础。肌张力的紊乱可能反过来影响运动表现。为了理解对姿势调节起重要作用的外周因素，还应考虑骨骼肌独特的结构、特化和特性。在此，我们将探讨习惯性姿势的神经力学基础以及在许多人体姿势控制的实验研究和数学模型中颇具影响力的各种概念。
