Ulloa Fausto, Cotrufo Tiziana, Ricolo Delia, Soriano Eduardo, Araújo Sofia J
Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Cientific de Barcelona; Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Neural Regen Res. 2018 Mar;13(3):386-392. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.228710.
Through complex mechanisms that guide axons to the appropriate routes towards their targets, axonal growth and guidance lead to neuronal system formation. These mechanisms establish the synaptic circuitry necessary for the optimal performance of the nervous system in all organisms. Damage to these networks can be repaired by neuroregenerative processes which in turn can re-establish synapses between injured axons and postsynaptic terminals. Both axonal growth and guidance and the neuroregenerative response rely on correct axonal growth and growth cone responses to guidance cues as well as correct synapses with appropriate targets. With this in mind, parallels can be drawn between axonal regeneration and processes occurring during embryonic nervous system development. However, when studying parallels between axonal development and regeneration many questions still arise; mainly, how do axons grow and synapse with their targets and how do they repair their membranes, grow and orchestrate regenerative responses after injury. Major players in the cellular and molecular processes that lead to growth cone development and movement during embryonic development are the Soluble N-ethylamaleimide Sensitive Factor (NSF) Attachment Protein Receptor (SNARE) proteins, which have been shown to be involved in axonal growth and guidance. Their involvement in axonal growth, guidance and neuroregeneration is of foremost importance, due to their roles in vesicle and membrane trafficking events. Here, we review the recent literature on the involvement of SNARE proteins in axonal growth and guidance during embryonic development and neuroregeneration.
通过引导轴突沿着通往其靶标的适当路径生长的复杂机制，轴突生长和导向导致了神经系统的形成。这些机制建立了所有生物体中神经系统最佳运作所必需的突触回路。这些网络的损伤可通过神经再生过程进行修复，而神经再生过程又可在受损轴突和突触后终端之间重新建立突触。轴突生长和导向以及神经再生反应都依赖于轴突的正确生长和生长锥对导向线索的反应，以及与适当靶标的正确突触。考虑到这一点，可以在轴突再生和胚胎神经系统发育过程中发生的过程之间找到相似之处。然而，在研究轴突发育和再生之间的相似之处时，仍然出现了许多问题；主要是，轴突如何生长并与它们的靶标形成突触，以及它们如何在损伤后修复其膜、生长并协调再生反应。在胚胎发育过程中导致生长锥发育和运动的细胞和分子过程中的主要参与者是可溶性N - 乙基马来酰亚胺敏感因子（NSF）附着蛋白受体（SNARE）蛋白，已证明它们参与轴突生长和导向。由于它们在囊泡和膜运输事件中的作用，它们在轴突生长、导向和神经再生中的参与至关重要。在这里，我们综述了关于SNARE蛋白在胚胎发育和神经再生过程中参与轴突生长和导向的最新文献。
