a Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine , Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China.
b Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases , Department of Biomedical Sciences , Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso , El Paso , Texas , USA.
Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018 Jul 3;14(7):1717-1733. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1461296. Epub 2018 May 17.
The development of a successful vaccine, which should elicit a combination of humoral and cellular responses to control or prevent infections, is the first step in protecting against infectious diseases. A vaccine may protect against bacterial, fungal, parasitic, or viral infections in animal models, but to be effective in humans there are some issues that should be considered, such as the adjuvant, the route of vaccination, and the antigen-carrier system. While almost all licensed vaccines are injected such that inoculation is by far the most commonly used method, injection has several potential disadvantages, including pain, cross contamination, needlestick injury, under- or overdosing, and increased cost. It is also problematic for patients from rural areas of developing countries, who must travel to a hospital for vaccine administration. Noninvasive immunizations, including oral, intranasal, and transcutaneous administration of vaccines, can reduce or eliminate pain, reduce the cost of vaccinations, and increase their safety. Several preclinical and clinical studies as well as experience with licensed vaccines have demonstrated that noninvasive vaccine immunization activates cellular and humoral immunity, which protect against pathogen infections. Here we review the development of noninvasive immunization with vaccines based on live attenuated virus, recombinant adenovirus, inactivated virus, viral subunits, virus-like particles, DNA, RNA, and antigen expression in rice in preclinical and clinical studies. We predict that noninvasive vaccine administration will be more widely applied in the clinic in the near future.
成功疫苗的开发，应能引发体液和细胞反应的组合，以控制或预防感染，这是保护免受传染病的第一步。疫苗可以预防动物模型中的细菌、真菌、寄生虫或病毒感染，但要在人类中有效，有一些问题需要考虑，例如佐剂、接种途径和抗原载体系统。虽然几乎所有许可的疫苗都是注射的，因此接种是迄今为止最常用的方法，但注射有几个潜在的缺点，包括疼痛、交叉污染、针刺伤、剂量不足或过量以及成本增加。对于来自发展中国家农村地区的患者来说，这也是一个问题，他们必须前往医院进行疫苗接种。非侵入性免疫接种，包括口服、鼻内和经皮疫苗接种，可以减轻或消除疼痛，降低疫苗接种成本，并提高其安全性。一些临床前和临床研究以及许可疫苗的经验表明，非侵入性疫苗免疫激活了细胞和体液免疫，从而预防病原体感染。在这里，我们综述了基于减毒活病毒、重组腺病毒、灭活病毒、病毒亚单位、病毒样颗粒、DNA、RNA 和水稻中抗原表达的非侵入性免疫接种的发展，在临床前和临床研究中。我们预测，非侵入性疫苗接种将在不久的将来在临床上得到更广泛的应用。
