Lee Anna, Maani Elizabeth V., Amin Neha P.
UT Health San Antonio / South Texas VA
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the formation of mature lamellar bone in soft tissues where bone does not normally exist. HO is commonly seen following trauma or surgical intervention in periarticular soft tissue and is commonly associated with hip injury. The 3 primary causes can be grouped into traumatic, neurogenic, and genetic etiologies. HO from trauma includes fractures, dislocations, and operative procedures such as open reduction-internal fixation (ORIF) or total hip arthroplasties (THA). The hip's most involved compartment is the abductor compartment. The elbow is the next most commonly involved joint following burns or elbow replacements. Neurogenic causes include spinal trauma and head injuries and again occur around major joints. The relationship between neurohumoral factors and the development of HO is poorly understood but is centered around the stimulation of osteoblasts to lay down ectopic bone. The last main etiology includes genetic disorders, such as fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, progressive osseous heteroplasia, and Albright hereditary osteodystrophy. These rare conditions lead to the development of HO early in life, resulting in debilitating morbidity.
异位骨化（HO）是指在正常情况下不存在骨骼的软组织中形成成熟的板层骨。HO常见于关节周围软组织的创伤或手术干预后，且常与髋部损伤相关。其3种主要病因可分为创伤性、神经源性和遗传性病因。创伤性HO包括骨折、脱位以及诸如切开复位内固定术（ORIF）或全髋关节置换术（THA）等手术操作。髋部最常受累的区域是外展肌区域。肘部是仅次于烧伤或肘部置换术后第二常受累的关节。神经源性病因包括脊柱创伤和头部损伤，同样也发生在主要关节周围。神经体液因素与HO发生发展之间的关系尚不清楚，但主要围绕成骨细胞受刺激后形成异位骨。最后一个主要病因包括遗传性疾病，如进行性骨化性纤维发育不良、进行性骨化性异位症和奥尔布赖特遗传性骨营养不良。这些罕见病症在生命早期就会导致HO的发生，从而造成使人衰弱的发病率。
