Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
Contact Dermatitis. 2018 Jul;79(1):1-9. doi: 10.1111/cod.12983. Epub 2018 Apr 10.
Studies on sensitization to metals in the general population are scarce.
To determine the prevalence of sensitization to metals in the general population, and factors associated with nickel sensitization.
In 5 European countries (The Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Sweden), a random sample (N = 3119) from the general population (aged 18-74 years) was patch tested and interviewed by use of a questionnaire on exposure to metals, piercing, and jewellery.
Overall, the age-standardized prevalences of sensitization to nickel, cobalt and chromium were, respectively, 14.5%, 2.1%, and 0.8%. The highest prevalence of nickel sensitization was seen in Portugal (18.5%) and the lowest (8.3%) in Sweden. The prevalence of cobalt sensitization varied between 3.8% (The Netherlands) and 0.9% (Italy), and the prevalence of chromium sensitization varied between 1.3% (Portugal) and 0.2% (Sweden). Significant associations were observed between nickel allergy and female sex (odds ratio [OR] 5.19; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 3.99-6.74), past piercing use (OR 3.86; 95%CI: 2.85-5.24), and currently having ≥3 piercings (OR 5.58; 95%CI: 4.02-7.76).
The prevalence of sensitization to metals in the European general population was high, mostly because of nickel. The lowest prevalence of contact allergy to nickel and chromium observed in Sweden supports the effectiveness of long-standing regulation.
针对普通人群中金属致敏的研究较为匮乏。
明确普通人群中金属致敏的流行率，以及与镍致敏相关的因素。
在 5 个欧洲国家（荷兰、德国、意大利、葡萄牙和瑞典），采用皮肤斑贴试验和问卷调查的方式，对来自普通人群（18-74 岁）的随机样本（N=3119）进行了金属、穿孔和首饰暴露因素的调查。
总体而言，镍、钴和铬致敏的年龄标准化流行率分别为 14.5%、2.1%和 0.8%。葡萄牙的镍致敏流行率最高（18.5%），瑞典的镍致敏流行率最低（8.3%）。钴致敏的流行率在荷兰（3.8%）和意大利（0.9%）之间存在差异，铬致敏的流行率在葡萄牙（1.3%）和瑞典（0.2%）之间存在差异。镍过敏与女性（比值比[OR] 5.19；95%置信区间[95%CI]：3.99-6.74）、既往穿孔史（OR 3.86；95%CI：2.85-5.24）和当前存在≥3 个穿孔（OR 5.58；95%CI：4.02-7.76）之间存在显著相关性。
欧洲普通人群中金属致敏的流行率较高，主要与镍有关。瑞典对镍和铬的接触过敏率最低，这支持了长期监管的有效性。
