Wenseleers Tom, Hart Adam G, Ratnieks Francis L W
Am Nat. 2004 Dec;164(6):E154-E167. doi: 10.1086/425223.
In social groups composed of kin, inclusive fitness benefits can favor greater cooperation. Alternatively, cooperation can be enforced through the policing of less cooperative individuals. Here, we show that the effect of policing can be twofold: not only can it directly suppress individual selfishness, it can also entirely remove the incentive for individuals to act selfishly in the first place. We term such individual restraint in response to socially imposed policing "acquiescence" and illustrate the concept using examples drawn from the social Hymenoptera (the ants, bees, and wasps). Inclusive fitness models confirm that when a policing system is in place, individuals should be less tempted to act selfishly. This is shown to have important consequences for the resolution of conflict within their societies. For example, it can explain why in many species very few workers attempt to reproduce and why immature females usually do not attempt to develop as queens rather than workers. Although our analyses are primarily focused on the social insects, our conclusions are likely to be general and to apply to other societies as well.
在由亲属组成的社会群体中，广义适合度带来的好处会促进更高程度的合作。或者，合作可以通过对合作较少的个体进行监督来得以强化。在此，我们表明监督的作用可能具有双重性：它不仅能够直接抑制个体的自私行为，还能够从一开始就完全消除个体自私行事的动机。我们将这种针对社会施加的监督所做出的个体克制称为“默许”，并通过从社会性膜翅目昆虫（蚂蚁、蜜蜂和黄蜂）中选取的例子来说明这一概念。广义适合度模型证实，当存在一个监督系统时，个体就不太会受到自私行事的诱惑。这被证明对解决它们社会内部的冲突具有重要影响。例如，这可以解释为什么在许多物种中很少有工蚁试图繁殖，以及为什么未成熟的雌性通常不会试图发育成为蚁后而非工蚁。尽管我们的分析主要集中在社会性昆虫上，但我们的结论可能具有普遍性，也适用于其他社会群体。
