Taunton Sally A, Mulvey Kelly Lynn, Brian Ali S
a University of South Carolina.
b North Carolina State University.
Res Q Exerc Sport. 2018 Jun;89(2):200-209. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2018.1444256. Epub 2018 Apr 12.
Although motor skill interventions often improve fundamental motor skills (FMS) during preschool, the extent of individual children's success in development of FMS still varies among children receiving the same intervention. Temperament is multifaceted and includes negative affect (high levels of frustration or anger), effortful control (focus, self-regulation, and concentration), and surgency (energy and activity level). Temperament often influences cognitive, social, and behavioral outcomes and may be a significant factor in the development of FMS. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of temperament on children's improvement in FMS within a gross motor intervention.
Participants (N = 80; M = 55.36 months, SD = 6.99 months) completed the Test of Gross Motor Development-Second Edition prior to and after intervention. Teachers completed the Child Behavior Questionnaire-Very Short Form to examine each child's temperament. To account for possibility of a Type 1 error, we conducted 6 separate 2 (temperament variable: high, low) × 2 (treatment: intervention, control) analyses of covariance and examined posttest scores for locomotor and object-control skills with pretest scores as covariates among participants with high and low surgency, negative affect, and effortful control.
Results revealed children with low levels of negative affect and surgency and high levels of effortful control demonstrated greater gains (η = .05-.34) in both locomotor and object-control skills during motor skill intervention compared with their peers.
Providing interventions tailored to temperamental profiles could maximize gains in FMS through intervention.
尽管运动技能干预通常能在学龄前阶段提高基本运动技能（FMS），但在接受相同干预的儿童中，个体儿童在FMS发展方面的成功程度仍存在差异。气质是多方面的，包括消极情绪（高水平的挫折感或愤怒）、努力控制（注意力、自我调节和专注力）和外向性（活力和活动水平）。气质常常影响认知、社交和行为结果，可能是FMS发展的一个重要因素。本研究的目的是在一项大肌肉运动干预中，考察气质对儿童FMS改善的影响。
参与者（N = 80；M = 55.36个月，标准差 = 6.99个月）在干预前后完成了《大肌肉运动发展测试第二版》。教师完成了《儿童行为问卷简版》以考察每个儿童的气质。为了考虑I类错误的可能性，我们进行了6项独立的2（气质变量：高、低）×2（治疗：干预、对照）协方差分析，并以高、低外向性、消极情绪和努力控制的参与者的前测分数作为协变量，检查了运动和物体控制技能的后测分数。
结果显示，消极情绪和外向性水平低且努力控制水平高的儿童在运动技能干预期间，与同龄人相比，在运动和物体控制技能方面都有更大的提高（η = 0.05 - 0.34）。
提供针对气质特征量身定制的干预措施，可以通过干预使FMS的提高最大化。
