Niederer Daniel, Bumann Anke, Mühlhauser Yvonne, Schmitt Mareike, Wess Katja, Engeroff Tobias, Wilke Jan, Vogt Lutz, Banzer Winfried
Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Gait Posture. 2018 May;62:415-421. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.04.007. Epub 2018 Apr 6.
Mobile phone tasks like texting, typing, and dialling during walking are known to impact gait characteristics. Beyond that, the effects of performing smartphone-typical actions like researching and taking self-portraits (selfie) on gait have not been investigated yet.
We aimed to investigate the effects of smartphone usage on relevant gait characteristics and to reveal potential association of basic cognitive and walking plus smartphone dual-task abilities.
Our cross-sectional, cross-over study on physically active, healthy participants was performed on two days, interrupted by a 24-h washout in between. Assessments were: 1) Cognitive testing battery consisting of the trail making test (TMT A and B) and the Stroop test 2) Treadmill walking under five smartphone usage conditions: no use (control condition), reading, dialling, internet searching and taking a selfie in randomized order. Kinematic and kinetic gait characteristics were assessed to estimate conditions influence.
In our sample of 36 adults (24.6 ± 1 years, 23 female, 13 male), ANCOVAs followed by post-hoc t-tests revealed that smartphone usage impaired all tested gait characteristics: gait speed (decrease, all conditions): F = 54.7, p < 0.001; cadence (increase, all): F = 38.3, p < 0.001; double stride length (decrease, all): F = 33.8, p < 0.001; foot external rotation (increase during dialling, researching, selfie): F = 16.7, p < 0.001; stride length variability (increase): F = 11.7, p < 0.001; step width variability (increase): F = 5.3, p < 0.001; step width (Friedmann test and Wilcoxon Bonferroni-Holm-corrected post-hoc analyses, increase): Z = -2.3 to -2.9; p < 0.05); plantar pressure proportion (increase during reading and researching) (Z = -2.9; p < 0.01). The ability to keep usual gait quality during smartphone usage was systematically associated with the TMT B time regarding cadence and double stride length for reading (r = -0.37), dialling (r = -0.35) and taking a selfie (r = -0.34).
Smartphone usage substantially impacts walking characteristics in most situations. Changes of gait patterns indicate higher cognitive loads and lower awareness.
已知在行走过程中进行发短信、打字和拨号等手机任务会影响步态特征。除此之外，执行诸如搜索和自拍等典型智能手机操作对步态的影响尚未得到研究。
我们旨在研究智能手机使用对相关步态特征的影响，并揭示基本认知能力与行走加智能手机双重任务能力之间的潜在关联。
我们对身体活跃的健康参与者进行了横断面交叉研究，为期两天，中间间隔24小时的洗脱期。评估内容包括：1）认知测试组，由连线测验（TMT A和B）和斯特鲁普测验组成；2）在五种智能手机使用条件下在跑步机上行走：不使用（对照条件）、阅读、拨号、互联网搜索和自拍，顺序随机。评估运动学和动力学步态特征以估计不同条件的影响。
在我们36名成年人的样本中（24.6±1岁，23名女性，13名男性），协方差分析后进行事后t检验表明，智能手机使用会损害所有测试的步态特征：步态速度（下降，所有条件下）：F = 54.7，p < 0.001；步频（增加，所有条件下）：F = 38.3，p < 0.001；双步长（下降，所有条件下）：F = 33.8，p < 0.001；足部外旋（在拨号、搜索、自拍时增加）：F = 16.7，p < 0.001；步长变异性（增加）：F = 11.7，p < 0.001；步宽变异性（增加）：F = 5.3，p < 0.001；步宽（弗里德曼检验和威尔科克森邦费罗尼 - 霍尔姆校正的事后分析，增加）：Z = -2.3至 -2.9；p < 0.05）；足底压力比例（在阅读和搜索时增加）（Z = -2.9；p < 0.01）。在智能手机使用期间保持正常步态质量的能力与阅读（r = -0.37）、拨号（r = -0.35）和自拍（r = -0.34）时关于步频和双步长的TMT B时间系统相关。
在大多数情况下，智能手机使用会显著影响行走特征。步态模式的变化表明认知负荷增加和意识降低。
