Departamento de Sanidad AnimalGrupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia.
Departamento de Biología (Fisiología Animal)Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
J Endocrinol. 2018 May;237(2):R65-R81. doi: 10.1530/JOE-18-0129.
Among sex steroid hormones, progesterone and estradiol have a wide diversity of physiological activities that target the nervous system. Not only are they carried by the blood stream, but also they are locally synthesized in the brain and for this reason, estradiol and progesterone are considered 'neurosteroids'. The physiological actions of both hormones range from brain development and neurotransmission to aging, illustrating the importance of a deep understanding of their mechanisms of action. In this review, we summarize key roles that estradiol and progesterone play in the brain. As numerous reports have confirmed a substantial neuroprotective role for estradiol in models of neurodegenerative disease, we focus this review on traumatic brain injury and stroke models. We describe updated data from receptor and signaling events triggered by both hormones, with an emphasis on the mechanisms that have been reported as 'rapid' or 'cytoplasmic actions'. Data showing the therapeutic effects of the hormones, used alone or in combination, are also summarized, with a focus on rodent models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Finally, we draw attention to evidence that neuroprotection by both hormones might be due to a combination of 'cytoplasmic' and 'nuclear' signaling.
在甾体性激素中，孕酮和雌二醇具有广泛的生理活性，作用于神经系统。它们不仅通过血液输送，而且在大脑中局部合成，因此，雌二醇和孕酮被认为是“神经甾体”。这两种激素的生理作用范围从大脑发育和神经传递到衰老，这说明了深入了解其作用机制的重要性。在这篇综述中，我们总结了雌二醇和孕酮在大脑中的关键作用。由于许多报告证实雌二醇在神经退行性疾病模型中具有显著的神经保护作用，我们将重点放在创伤性脑损伤和中风模型上。我们描述了由这两种激素引发的受体和信号事件的最新数据，重点介绍了被报道为“快速”或“细胞质作用”的机制。还总结了单独或联合使用这些激素的治疗效果数据，重点是大脑中动脉闭塞（MCAO）的啮齿动物模型。最后，我们注意到证据表明，这两种激素的神经保护作用可能是由于“细胞质”和“核”信号的结合。
