Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Berzelius väg 35, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
Prog Neurobiol. 2018 Nov;170:81-98. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.04.006. Epub 2018 Apr 11.
Large-scale regeneration in the adult central nervous system is a unique capacity of salamanders among tetrapods. Salamanders can replace neuronal populations, repair damaged nerve fibers and restore tissue architecture in retina, brain and spinal cord, leading to functional recovery. The underlying mechanisms have long been difficult to study due to the paucity of available genomic tools. Recent technological progress, such as genome sequencing, transgenesis and genome editing provide new momentum for systematic interrogation of regenerative processes in the salamander central nervous system. Understanding central nervous system regeneration also entails designing the appropriate molecular, cellular, and behavioral assays. Here we outline the organization of salamander brain structures. With special focus on ependymoglial cells, we integrate cellular and molecular processes of neurogenesis during developmental and adult homeostasis as well as in various injury models. Wherever possible, we correlate developmental and regenerative neurogenesis to the acquisition and recovery of behaviors. Throughout the review we place the findings into an evolutionary context for inter-species comparisons.
在四足动物中，大型成体中枢神经系统的再生是蝾螈所特有的能力。蝾螈可以替代神经元群体，修复受损的神经纤维，并恢复视网膜、大脑和脊髓中的组织结构，从而实现功能恢复。由于缺乏可用的基因组工具，长期以来，这些潜在机制一直难以研究。最近的技术进步，如基因组测序、转基因和基因组编辑，为系统研究蝾螈中枢神经系统的再生过程提供了新的动力。理解中枢神经系统的再生还需要设计适当的分子、细胞和行为检测方法。在这里，我们概述了蝾螈大脑结构的组织。我们特别关注室管膜细胞，整合了发育和成年期稳态以及各种损伤模型中神经发生的细胞和分子过程。只要有可能，我们就将发育和再生神经发生与行为的获得和恢复联系起来。在整个综述中，我们将这些发现置于种间比较的进化背景下。
