Riedi Anna-Katharina, Knubben-Schweizer Gabriela, Meylan Mireille
Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern 3012, Switzerland.
Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.
J Vet Intern Med. 2018 May;32(3):1274-1282. doi: 10.1111/jvim.15128. Epub 2018 Apr 16.
Details of the clinical signs of obstructive urolithiasis in male small ruminants have not been documented in a large population.
To describe the clinical presentation and diagnostic procedures in a large group of small ruminants with urolithiasis.
Two hundred and seventy small ruminants (158 sheep and 112 goats).
Retrospective study of 270 cases identified based on clinical records.
81.2% affected goats were castrated and 91.7% sheep were intact males; 65.5% of the animals had been sick ≤2 days before referral. Common abnormalities included dysuria (93.6%), indigestion (84.4%), reduced general state of health (79.5%), signs of pain (73%), increased heart and respiratory rates (53.6% and 39.1%), and azotemia (89.4%). Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine concentrations were strongly correlated (r = 0.81). Hypochloremia (52.2%), hyponatremia (43.3%), hypophosphatemia (52.4%), and abnormal potassium concentrations (26.2% hypokalemia and 24.5% hyperkalemia) were the most common serum electrolyte imbalances. Packed cell volume (PCV), plasma proteins, potassium, BUN, and creatinine concentrations were significantly increased in animals with uroperitoneum. Ultrasonography allowed for confirmation of diagnosis in 83.9% of the cases (135/161 with sufficient available information), uroliths were visible on 34 of 56 plain radiographs.
Our study confirmed that clinical and ultrasonographic examinations are sufficient to diagnose urolithiasis. Clinical signs can be divided into an early stage with discrete unspecific clinical signs, a painful stage with frequent straining, expression of pain and moderately reduced general condition, and an advanced stage with a markedly reduced general condition and eventually recumbency.
雄性小型反刍动物梗阻性尿路结石的临床体征细节尚未在大量群体中记录。
描述一大群患有尿路结石的小型反刍动物的临床表现和诊断程序。
270只小型反刍动物（158只绵羊和112只山羊）。
基于临床记录对270例病例进行回顾性研究。
81.2%受影响的山羊已去势，91.7%的绵羊为未阉割雄性；65.5%的动物在转诊前患病≤2天。常见异常包括排尿困难（93.6%）、消化不良（84.4%）、健康状况下降（79.5%）、疼痛体征（73%）、心率和呼吸频率增加（53.6%和39.1%）以及氮血症（89.4%）。血尿素氮（BUN）和肌酐浓度呈强相关性（r = 0.81）。低氯血症（52.2%）、低钠血症（43.3%）、低磷血症（52.4%）以及异常钾浓度（低钾血症26.2%和高钾血症24.5%）是最常见的血清电解质失衡。患有尿腹症的动物的红细胞压积（PCV）、血浆蛋白、钾、BUN和肌酐浓度显著升高。超声检查在83.9%的病例中（161例中有135例有足够的可用信息）可确诊，56例腹部平片中34例可见尿路结石。
我们的研究证实临床和超声检查足以诊断尿路结石。临床体征可分为早期，有离散的非特异性临床体征；疼痛期，频繁努责、疼痛表现且一般状况中度下降；晚期，一般状况显著下降并最终卧地不起。
