From the School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2018 Jun;38(6):1258-1270. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.118.311102. Epub 2018 Apr 19.
The glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparin are important anticoagulants that inhibit clot formation through interactions with antithrombin and heparin cofactor II. Unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, and heparin-derived drugs are often the main treatments used clinically to handle coagulatory disorders. A wide range of proteins have been reported to bind and neutralize these GAGs to promote clot formation. Such neutralizing proteins are involved in a variety of other physiological processes, including inflammation, transport, and signaling. It is clear that these interactions are important for the control of normal coagulation and influence the efficacy of heparin and heparin-based therapeutics. In addition to neutralization, the anticoagulant activities of GAGs may also be regulated through reduced synthesis or by degradation. In this review, we describe GAG neutralization, the proteins involved, and the molecular processes that contribute to the regulation of anticoagulant GAG activity.
糖胺聚糖（GAGs）肝素、硫酸皮肤素和肝素是重要的抗凝剂，通过与抗凝血酶和肝素辅因子 II 的相互作用来抑制血栓形成。未分级肝素、低分子量肝素和肝素衍生药物通常是临床上用于处理凝血障碍的主要治疗药物。据报道，有广泛的蛋白质与这些 GAGs 结合并中和它们以促进血栓形成。这些中和蛋白参与多种其他生理过程，包括炎症、运输和信号转导。显然，这些相互作用对于正常凝血的控制很重要，并影响肝素和基于肝素的治疗药物的疗效。除了中和作用外，GAG 的抗凝活性还可以通过减少合成或通过降解来调节。在这篇综述中，我们描述了 GAG 的中和作用、涉及的蛋白质以及有助于调节抗凝 GAG 活性的分子过程。
