Variation in allele frequencies at the bg112 locus reveals unequal inheritance of nuclei in a dikaryotic isolate of the fungus Rhizophagus irregularis.

The genetic state of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus species Rhizophagus irregularis differs among isolates, including both homokaryotic and dikaryotic isolates. Via the production of multi-nucleate axexual spores, siblings of dikaryotic isolates may inherit unequal frequencies of nucleotypes. Using bg112, a microsatellite marker, previous studies revealed that lines deriving from single spores of the dikaryotic R. irregularis isolate C3 differed in their proportions of different alleles. A genomic study of single nuclei of R. irregularis, however, suggested that this marker was a multi-copy locus and that therefore it was inappropriate to study the inheritance of nuclei in dikaryotic isolates. In this study, we first analysed whole genome data of several R. irregularis isolates and demonstrated that bg112 is indeed a single copy locus in these genomes. Thus, the bg112 locus is a suitable marker to study the relative frequency of nucleotypes in R. irregularis. Second, by using amplicon sequencing, we confirmed the existence of one allele of bg112 in two homokaryotic isolates (DAOM197198 and C2) and two alleles in the dikaryotic isolate (C3). Finally, we found that the relative proportions of two bg112 alleles differed significantly among dikaryotic single-spore lines derived from isolate C3, indicating that genetically different nucleotypes are inherited unequally in this dikaryotic R. irregularis isolate.