Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy; Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT@CRIB), Napels, Italy.
Dent Mater. 2018 Jun;34(6):851-867. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.03.014. Epub 2018 Apr 17.
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) represent one of the most effective classes of disinfectant agents in dental materials and resin nanocomposites. This reviews aims to give a wide overview on the research in the field of antibacterial QACs in dental materials and nanocomposites.
An introduction to dental materials components as well as the microorganisms and methods of evaluation for the antimicrobial assays are presented. Then, the properties and synthesis route of QACs, as monomer and filler, are shown. Finally, antimicrobial monomers and fillers, specifically those contain quaternary ammonium salts (QASs), in dental materials are reviewed.
QACs have been used as monomer and micro/nanofiller in restorative dentistry. They possess one or more methacrylate functional groups to participate in polymerization reactions. QACs with multiple methacrylate groups can also be used as crosslinking agents. Furthermore, QACs with chain length from ∼12 to 16 have higher antimicrobial activity in cured dental resins. In general, increasing the chain length leads to a threshold value (critical point) and then it causes decrease in the antimicrobial activity.
The current state of the art of dental materials and resin nanocomposites includes a wide variety of antimicrobial materials. Among them, QACs presents low cytotoxicity and excellent long-term antimicrobial activity without leaching out over time.
季铵化合物（QACs）是牙科材料和树脂纳米复合材料中最有效的消毒剂之一。本综述旨在广泛介绍牙科材料和纳米复合材料中抗菌 QACs 的研究情况。
介绍牙科材料成分以及抗菌测定的微生物和评估方法。然后，展示 QACs（作为单体和填充剂）的性质和合成路线。最后，综述了牙科材料中的抗菌单体和填充剂，特别是那些含有季铵盐（QAS）的单体和填充剂。
QACs 已被用作修复牙科中的单体和微/纳米填充剂。它们具有一个或多个甲基丙烯酯官能团以参与聚合反应。具有多个甲基丙烯酯基团的 QACs 也可用作交联剂。此外，链长为 ∼12 至 16 的 QACs 在固化牙科树脂中具有更高的抗菌活性。一般来说，增加链长会导致出现一个阈值（临界点），然后会导致抗菌活性下降。
目前的牙科材料和树脂纳米复合材料的技术水平包括各种各样的抗菌材料。其中，QACs 具有低细胞毒性和优异的长期抗菌活性，不会随时间推移而浸出。
