Ashton-Miller J A, Schultz A B
Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1988;16:169-204.
This chapter has reviewed the past 30 years of experimental biomechanical studies of the spine and trunk. In the last 10 years, computers have allowed the development of simulation techniques and models to predict spine and muscle loading in most static and quasi-static activities. Some problems remain, however, particularly with activities involving bending and twisting and those that entail maximal efforts. Current research is focused on trying to validate models for the analysis of dynamic activities involving simple planar motions. Although the body segment kinematics and external support forces in complex motions can be measured fairly easily with modern motion analysis equipment, models that correctly predict the internal trunk forces have yet to be fully developed and validated. These models will be useful in studying how, why, and where failure of the soft and bony tissues is most likely to occur in a given activity, and whether it is related to work or athletics. The challenge for the future is to develop models that adequately reflect the anatomical sophistication of the spine and trunk. Thus the stress and strain distributions in any trunk musculoskeletal component, whether the posterior wall of the annulus, a muscle slip of the semi-spinalis group, or the lumbosacral endplate, will be able to be found. These results can then be combined with models of cumulative trauma response to successfully identify potential failure sites.
本章回顾了过去30年中关于脊柱和躯干的实验生物力学研究。在过去十年里，计算机推动了模拟技术和模型的发展，以预测大多数静态和准静态活动中脊柱和肌肉的负荷。然而，仍存在一些问题，特别是在涉及弯曲和扭转的活动以及那些需要最大努力的活动中。当前的研究重点是尝试验证用于分析涉及简单平面运动的动态活动的模型。尽管使用现代运动分析设备可以相当容易地测量复杂运动中的身体节段运动学和外部支撑力，但能够正确预测躯干内力的模型尚未得到充分开发和验证。这些模型将有助于研究在特定活动中软组织和骨组织最可能在何处、为何以及如何发生损伤，以及这是否与工作或运动有关。未来的挑战是开发能够充分反映脊柱和躯干解剖复杂性的模型。这样，无论是椎间盘环的后壁、半棘肌组的肌肉束，还是腰骶终板，任何躯干肌肉骨骼成分中的应力和应变分布都将能够被找到。然后，这些结果可以与累积创伤反应模型相结合，以成功识别潜在的损伤部位。
