Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucia (CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
Department for Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain; Andalusian Center of Marine Science and Technology (CACYTMAR), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
Aquat Toxicol. 2018 Jun;199:285-295. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.04.007. Epub 2018 Apr 17.
Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly investigated, developed and produced for a wide range of industrial and consumer products. Notwithstanding their promising novel applications, concern has been raised that their increased use and disposal could consequently increase their release into marine systems and potentially affect species within. To date the understanding of factors and mechanisms of CuO (nano-) toxicity to marine invertebrates is still limited. Hence, we studied the characteristics and behaviour of two commercially available CuO NPs of similar size, but produced employing distinct synthesis methods, under various environmentally and experimentally relevant conditions. In addition, cell viability and DNA damage, as well as gene expression of detoxification, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, DNA damage repair and cell death mediator markers were studied in primary cultures of hemocytes from the marine clam Ruditapes philippinarum and, where applicable, compared to bulk CuO and ionic Cu (as CuSO) behaviour and effects. We found that the synthesis method can influence particle characteristics and behaviour, as well as the toxicity of CuO NPs to Ruditapes philippinarum hemocytes. Our results further indicate that under the tested conditions aggregating behaviour influences the toxicity of CuO NPs by influencing their rate of extra- and intracellular dissolution. In addition, gene expression analysis identified similar transcriptional de-regulation for all tested copper treatments for the here measured suite of genes. Finally, our work highlights various differences in the aggregation and dissolution kinetics of CuO particles under environmental (marine) and cell culture exposure conditions that need consideration when extrapolating in vitro findings.
氧化铜 (CuO) 纳米颗粒 (NPs) 因其在广泛的工业和消费产品中的应用而受到越来越多的研究、开发和生产。尽管它们具有有前途的新颖应用，但人们担心它们的使用和处置增加可能会导致它们更多地释放到海洋系统中，并可能对其中的物种产生影响。迄今为止，对于 CuO（纳米）对海洋无脊椎动物的毒性的因素和机制的理解仍然有限。因此，我们研究了两种商业上可用的 CuO NPs 的特性和行为，这两种 NPs 具有相似的尺寸，但采用了不同的合成方法，在各种环境和实验相关条件下进行。此外，还研究了来自海洋蛤贻贝（Ruditapes philippinarum）的原代血细胞中的细胞活力和 DNA 损伤，以及解毒、氧化应激、炎症反应、DNA 损伤修复和细胞死亡介质标记物的基因表达，并在适用的情况下将其与块状 CuO 和离子 Cu（如 CuSO）的行为和效应进行了比较。我们发现，合成方法会影响颗粒的特性和行为，以及 CuO NPs 对贻贝血细胞的毒性。我们的结果还表明，在测试的条件下，聚集行为通过影响其细胞内外溶解速率来影响 CuO NPs 的毒性。此外，基因表达分析表明，对于所有测试的铜处理，这里测量的一系列基因都存在相似的转录失调。最后，我们的工作强调了在环境（海洋）和细胞培养暴露条件下 CuO 颗粒的聚集和溶解动力学的各种差异，在推断体外发现时需要考虑这些差异。
