Human Nutrition,School of Medicine,Dentistry and Nursing,College of Medical,Veterinary and Life Sciences,University of Glasgow,10-16 Alexandra Parade,Glasgow G31 2ER,UK.
Proc Nutr Soc. 2018 Aug;77(3):302-313. doi: 10.1017/S0029665118000137. Epub 2018 Apr 29.
Iodine deficiency (ID) in women of childbearing age remains a global public health concern, mainly through its impact on fetal and infant neurodevelopment. While iodine status is improving globally, ID is still prevalent in pregnancy, when requirements increase. More than 120 countries have implemented salt iodisation and food fortification, strategies that have been partially successful. Supplementation during pregnancy is recommended in some countries and supported by the WHO when mandatory salt iodisation is not present. The UK is listed as one of the ten countries with the lowest iodine status globally, with approximately 60 % of pregnant women not meeting the WHO recommended intake. Without mandatory iodine fortification or recommendation for supplementation in pregnancy, the UK population depends on dietary sources of iodine. Both women and healthcare professionals have low knowledge and awareness of iodine, its sources or its role for health. Dairy and seafood products are the richest sources of iodine and their consumption is essential to support adequate iodine status. Increasing iodine through the diet might be possible if iodine-rich foods get repositioned in the diet, as they now contribute towards only about 13 % of the average energy intake of adult women. This review examines the use of iodine-rich foods in parallel with other public health strategies, to increase iodine intake and highlights the rare opportunity in the UK for randomised trials, due to the lack of mandatory fortification programmes.
育龄妇女碘缺乏仍然是全球公共卫生关注的问题，主要是因为其对胎儿和婴儿神经发育的影响。虽然全球碘营养状况正在改善，但在妊娠期间，由于需求增加，碘缺乏仍然很普遍。超过 120 个国家已经实施了食盐碘化和食物强化战略，这些战略取得了一定的成功。一些国家建议在妊娠期间补充碘，而在没有强制食盐碘化的情况下，世卫组织也支持这一建议。英国被列为全球碘营养状况最差的十个国家之一，约有 60%的孕妇未能达到世卫组织推荐的摄入量。由于没有强制进行碘强化或在妊娠期间推荐补充碘，英国民众依赖于饮食中的碘来源。妇女和医疗保健专业人员对碘、其来源或对健康的作用知之甚少，意识也很低。乳制品和海鲜是碘的最丰富来源，其消费对于支持足够的碘营养状况至关重要。如果富含碘的食物在饮食中重新定位，通过饮食增加碘的摄入量可能是可行的，因为它们现在只占成年女性平均能量摄入的 13%左右。这篇综述考察了在其他公共卫生策略的基础上使用富含碘的食物来增加碘摄入量，并强调了英国由于缺乏强制性强化计划，进行随机试验的罕见机会。
