Hufnagl Karin, Jensen-Jarolim Erika
1The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
2Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
Allergo J Int. 2018;27(3):72-78. doi: 10.1007/s40629-018-0054-2. Epub 2018 Feb 20.
Vitamins A and D are able to modulate innate and adaptive immune responses and may therefore influence the development and the course of allergic diseases.
This article reviews the current evidence for the experimental effects of vitamins A and D in animal models and on immune cells , and discusses their translational implication. A systematic literature search over the last 10 years was performed using MEDLINE and PubMed databases.
Deficiencies of vitamin A or vitamin D in mouse models of allergic asthma seem to exacerbate allergic symptoms along with enhanced lung inflammation and Th2 cytokine production. In contrast, supplementation regimes especially with vitamin D were able to attenuate symptoms in therapeutic mouse models. The active metabolites retinoic acid (RA) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3) induced tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) and up-regulated T‑regulatory cells in the allergic sensitization phase, which likely contributes to tolerance induction. Additionally, RA and VD3 maintained the stability of eosinophils and mast cells in the effector phase, thereby reducing allergic mediator release. Thus, both active vitamin metabolites RA and VD3 are able to influence allergic immune responses at several immunological sites.
Animal studies predict that vitamin A and D may also be attractive players in the control of allergy in humans. Whether these experimental observations can be translated to the human situation remains open, as results from clinical trials are controversial.
维生素A和D能够调节先天性和适应性免疫反应，因此可能影响过敏性疾病的发展和进程。
本文综述了维生素A和D在动物模型及免疫细胞上的实验效应的现有证据，并讨论了它们的转化意义。使用MEDLINE和PubMed数据库对过去10年的文献进行了系统检索。
在过敏性哮喘小鼠模型中，维生素A或D缺乏似乎会加剧过敏症状，同时伴有肺部炎症增强和Th2细胞因子产生增加。相比之下，特别是维生素D的补充方案能够减轻治疗性小鼠模型中的症状。活性代谢产物视黄酸（RA）和1,25-二羟基维生素D3（VD3）在过敏致敏阶段诱导耐受性树突状细胞（DCs）并上调调节性T细胞，这可能有助于诱导耐受性。此外，RA和VD3在效应阶段维持嗜酸性粒细胞和肥大细胞的稳定性，从而减少过敏介质释放。因此，活性维生素代谢产物RA和VD3都能够在多个免疫位点影响过敏性免疫反应。
动物研究预测，维生素A和D在控制人类过敏方面也可能是有吸引力的因素。由于临床试验结果存在争议，这些实验观察结果能否转化为人类情况仍未可知。
