Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom; email:
Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, USA; email:
Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2018 Aug 31;19:381-404. doi: 10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021749. Epub 2018 Apr 25.
The first decade of ancient genomics has revolutionized the study of human prehistory and evolution. We review new insights based on prehistoric modern human genomes, including greatly increased resolution of the timing and structure of the out-of-Africa expansion, the diversification of present-day non-African populations, and the earliest expansions of those populations into Eurasia and America. Prehistoric genomes now document population transformations on every inhabited continent-in particular the effect of agricultural expansions in Africa, Europe, and Oceania-and record a history of natural selection that shapes present-day phenotypic diversity. Despite these advances, much remains unknown, in particular about the genomic histories of Asia (the most populous continent) and Africa (the continent that contains the most genetic diversity). Ancient genomes from these and other regions, integrated with a growing understanding of the genomic basis of human phenotypic diversity, will be in focus during the next decade of research in the field.
过去十年的古基因组学研究彻底改变了人类史前史和进化领域的研究。我们基于史前现代人类基因组，回顾了新的研究成果，包括更加精准地确定了非洲以外人群扩张的时间和结构、现今非非洲人群的多样化，以及这些人群最早向欧亚大陆和美洲的扩张。史前人类基因组现在记录了每一个有人居住的大陆上的人口变化，特别是非洲、欧洲和大洋洲农业扩张的影响，以及塑造当今表型多样性的自然选择的历史。尽管取得了这些进展，但仍有许多未知之处，特别是关于亚洲（人口最多的大陆）和非洲（遗传多样性最多的大陆）的基因组历史。来自这些地区和其他地区的古基因组，与对人类表型多样性的基因组基础的日益深入的理解相结合，将成为未来十年该领域研究的重点。
