Escuela de Ingeniería Civil, Facultad de Ingeniería Físicomecánicas, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Carrera 27 Calle 9, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
Dept. Of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi 67132, Greece; Composting Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
Waste Manag. 2018 Jul;77:486-499. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.04.037. Epub 2018 Apr 27.
Green waste (GW) is an important fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW). The composting of lignocellulosic GW is challenging due to its low decomposition rate. Recently, an increasing number of studies that include strategies to optimize GW composting appeared in the literature. This literature review focuses on the physicochemical quality of GW and on the effect of strategies used to improve the process and product quality. A systematic search was carried out, using keywords, and 447 papers published between 2002 and 2018 were identified. After a screening process, 41 papers addressing feedstock quality and 32 papers on optimization strategies were selected to be reviewed and analyzed in detail. The GW composition is highly variable due to the diversity of the source materials, the type of vegetation, and climatic conditions. This variability limits a strict categorization of the GW physicochemical characteristics. However, this research established that the predominant features of GW are a C/N ratio higher than 25, a deficit in important nutrients, namely nitrogen (0.5-1.5% db), phosphorous (0.1-0.2% db) and potassium (0.4-0.8% db) and a high content of recalcitrant organic compounds (e.g. lignin). The promising strategies to improve composting of GW were: i) GW particle size reduction (e.g. shredding and separation of GW fractions); ii) addition of energy amendments (e.g. non-refined sugar, phosphate rock, food waste, volatile ashes), bulking materials (e.g. biocarbon, wood chips), or microbial inoculum (e.g. fungal consortia); and iii) variations in operating parameters (aeration, temperature, and two-phase composting). These alternatives have successfully led to the reduction of process length and have managed to transform recalcitrant substances to a high-quality end-product.
绿色废弃物（GW）是城市固体废物（MSW）的重要组成部分。由于木质纤维素 GW 的分解率低，其堆肥处理具有挑战性。最近，越来越多的包括优化 GW 堆肥策略的研究出现在文献中。本文献综述重点介绍了 GW 的物理化学质量，以及用于改善工艺和产品质量的策略的效果。使用关键字进行了系统搜索，确定了 2002 年至 2018 年间发表的 447 篇论文。经过筛选过程，选择了 41 篇关于原料质量的论文和 32 篇关于优化策略的论文进行详细审查和分析。由于源材料、植被类型和气候条件的多样性，GW 的组成高度可变。这种可变性限制了对 GW 物理化学特性的严格分类。然而，这项研究确定了 GW 的主要特征是 C/N 比高于 25，重要养分（即氮（0.5-1.5%干重）、磷（0.1-0.2%干重）和钾（0.4-0.8%干重））缺乏，以及难降解有机化合物（如木质素）含量高。改善 GW 堆肥的有前途的策略包括：i）GW 粒径减小（例如 GW 级分的粉碎和分离）；ii）添加能源添加剂（例如未精制糖、磷矿、食物垃圾、挥发性灰烬）、膨胀材料（例如生物炭、木屑）或微生物接种剂（例如真菌联合体）；和 iii）操作参数的变化（曝气、温度和两相堆肥）。这些替代方法成功地缩短了处理过程的长度，并成功地将难降解物质转化为高质量的最终产品。
