Fungal Colonization of the Airways of Patients with Cystic Fibrosis: the Role of the Environmental Reservoirs.

Filamentous fungi frequently colonize the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis and may cause severe diseases, such as the allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. The most common filamentous fungi capable to chronically colonize the respiratory tract of the patients are Aspergillus fumigatus and Scedosporium species. Defining the treatment strategy may be challenging, the number of available drugs being limited and some of the causative agents being multiresistant microorganisms. The knowledge of the fungal niches in the outdoor and indoor environment is needed for understanding the origin of the contamination of the patients. In light of the abundance of some of the causative molds in compost, agricultural and flower fields, occupational activities related to such environments should be discouraged for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). In addition, the microbiological monitoring of their indoor environment, including analysis of air and dust on surfaces, is essential to propose preventive measures aiming to reduce the exposure to environmental molds. Nevertheless, some specific niches were also identified in the indoor environment, in relation with humidity which favors the growth of thermotolerant molds. Potted plants were reported as indoor reservoirs for Scedosporium species. Likewise, Exophiala dermatitidis may be spread in the kitchen via dishwashers. However, genotype studies are still required to establish the link between dishwashers and colonization of the airways of CF patients by this black yeast. Moreover, as nothing is known regarding the other filamentous fungi associated with CF, further studies should be conducted to identify other potential specific niches in the habitat.