Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
Department of Preventive Medicine, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Obes Rev. 2018 Sep;19(9):1205-1235. doi: 10.1111/obr.12699. Epub 2018 May 14.
Calories from any food have the potential to increase risk for obesity and cardiometabolic disease because all calories can directly contribute to positive energy balance and fat gain. However, various dietary components or patterns may promote obesity and cardiometabolic disease by additional mechanisms that are not mediated solely by caloric content. Researchers explored this topic at the 2017 CrossFit Foundation Academic Conference 'Diet and Cardiometabolic Health - Beyond Calories', and this paper summarizes the presentations and follow-up discussions. Regarding the health effects of dietary fat, sugar and non-nutritive sweeteners, it is concluded that food-specific saturated fatty acids and sugar-sweetened beverages promote cardiometabolic diseases by mechanisms that are additional to their contribution of calories to positive energy balance and that aspartame does not promote weight gain. The challenges involved in conducting and interpreting clinical nutritional research, which preclude more extensive conclusions, are detailed. Emerging research is presented exploring the possibility that responses to certain dietary components/patterns are influenced by the metabolic status, developmental period or genotype of the individual; by the responsiveness of brain regions associated with reward to food cues; or by the microbiome. More research regarding these potential 'beyond calories' mechanisms may lead to new strategies for attenuating the obesity crisis.
来自任何食物的卡路里都有可能增加肥胖和心血管疾病的风险，因为所有卡路里都可以直接导致正的能量平衡和脂肪增加。然而，各种饮食成分或模式可能通过除了热量含量之外的其他机制来促进肥胖和心血管疾病。研究人员在 2017 年 CrossFit 基金会学术会议“饮食与心血管健康——超越卡路里”上探讨了这个问题，本文总结了这些演讲和后续讨论。关于膳食脂肪、糖和非营养性甜味剂的健康影响，研究得出的结论是，特定的食物饱和脂肪酸和含糖饮料通过除了增加热量导致正的能量平衡之外的机制促进心血管疾病，而阿斯巴甜不会促进体重增加。详细介绍了在进行和解释临床营养研究方面所面临的挑战，这些研究排除了更广泛的结论。目前正在进行探索某些饮食成分/模式的反应是否受个体代谢状态、发育阶段或基因型、与食物线索相关的奖励大脑区域的反应性或微生物组影响的研究。关于这些潜在的“超越卡路里”机制的更多研究可能会为减轻肥胖危机带来新的策略。
