Cellini Nicola, Capuozzo Alessandra
Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
International School for Advanced Studies - SISSA, Neuroscience Area, Trieste, Italy.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018 May 15. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13855.
Recent studies have shown that the reactivation of specific memories during sleep can be modulated using external stimulation. Specifically, it has been reported that matching a sensory stimulus (e.g., odor or sound cue) with target information (e.g., pairs of words, pictures, and motor sequences) during wakefulness, and then presenting the cue alone during sleep, facilitates memory of the target information. Thus, presenting learned cues while asleep may reactivate related declarative, procedural, and emotional material, and facilitate the neurophysiological processes underpinning memory consolidation in humans. This paradigm, which has been named targeted memory reactivation, has been successfully used to improve visuospatial and verbal memories, strengthen motor skills, modify implicit social biases, and enhance fear extinction. However, these studies also show that results depend on the type of memory investigated, the task employed, the sensory cue used, and the specific sleep stage of stimulation. Here, we present a review of how memory consolidation may be shaped using noninvasive sensory stimulation during sleep.
最近的研究表明，睡眠期间特定记忆的重新激活可以通过外部刺激来调节。具体而言，据报道，在清醒时将感觉刺激（如气味或声音线索）与目标信息（如单词对、图片和运动序列）相匹配，然后在睡眠期间单独呈现该线索，有助于对目标信息的记忆。因此，在睡眠时呈现已学线索可能会重新激活相关的陈述性、程序性和情感性材料，并促进人类记忆巩固的神经生理过程。这种范式被称为靶向记忆重新激活，已成功用于改善视觉空间和言语记忆、增强运动技能、改变内隐社会偏见以及增强恐惧消退。然而，这些研究也表明，结果取决于所研究的记忆类型、所采用的任务、所使用的感觉线索以及刺激的特定睡眠阶段。在此，我们综述了如何在睡眠期间使用非侵入性感觉刺激来塑造记忆巩固。
