Geosciences Department, College of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia; College of Industrial Management King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.
Comput Biol Med. 2018 Jul 1;98:85-92. doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.04.024. Epub 2018 Apr 30.
The optical properties of blood play crucial roles in medical diagnostics and treatment, and in the design of new medical devices. Haemoglobin is a vital constituent of the blood whose optical properties affect all of the optical properties of human blood. The refractive index of haemoglobin has been reported to strongly depend on its concentration which is a function of the physiology of biological cells. This makes the refractive index of haemoglobin an essential non-invasive bio-marker of diseases. Unfortunately, the complexity of blood tissue makes it challenging to experimentally measure the refractive index of haemoglobin. While a few studies have reported on the refractive index of haemoglobin, there is no solid consensus with the data obtained due to different measuring instruments and the conditions of the experiments. Moreover, obtaining the refractive index via an experimental approach is quite laborious. In this work, an accurate, fast and relatively convenient strategy to estimate the refractive index of haemoglobin is reported. Thus, the GA-SVR model is presented for the prediction of the refractive index of haemoglobin using wavelength, temperature, and the concentration of haemoglobin as descriptors. The model developed is characterised by an excellent accuracy and very low error estimates. The correlation coefficients obtained in these studies are 99.94% and 99.91% for the training and testing results, respectively. In addition, the result shows an almost perfect match with the experimental data and also demonstrates significant improvement over a recent mathematical model available in the literature. The GA-SVR model predictions also give insights into the influence of concentration, wavelength, and temperature on the RI measurement values. The model outcome can be used not only to accurately estimate the refractive index of haemoglobin but also could provide a reliable common ground to benchmark the experimental refractive index results.
血液的光学性质在医学诊断和治疗以及新型医疗设备的设计中起着至关重要的作用。血红蛋白是血液的重要组成部分，其光学性质影响着人体血液的所有光学性质。据报道，血红蛋白的折射率强烈依赖于其浓度，而浓度又是生物细胞生理学的函数。这使得血红蛋白的折射率成为疾病的重要非侵入性生物标志物。不幸的是，血液组织的复杂性使得实验测量血红蛋白的折射率具有挑战性。虽然有一些研究报告了血红蛋白的折射率，但由于不同的测量仪器和实验条件，数据并不一致，也没有达成确凿的共识。此外，通过实验方法获得折射率相当费力。在这项工作中，报告了一种准确、快速且相对方便的估计血红蛋白折射率的策略。因此，提出了 GA-SVR 模型，使用波长、温度和血红蛋白浓度作为描述符来预测血红蛋白的折射率。所开发的模型具有出色的准确性和非常低的误差估计。在这些研究中，训练和测试结果的相关系数分别为 99.94%和 99.91%。此外，该结果与实验数据几乎完全吻合，并且还表明与文献中最近的数学模型相比有显著的改进。GA-SVR 模型的预测还深入了解了浓度、波长和温度对 RI 测量值的影响。该模型的结果不仅可以用于准确估计血红蛋白的折射率，还可以为实验折射率结果提供可靠的基准。
