Freedman Vicki A, Carr Deborah, Cornman Jennifer C, Lucas Richard E
Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Department of Sociology, Boston University, Massachusetts.
Innov Aging. 2017 Mar 1;1(1):igx010. doi: 10.1093/geroni/igx010. Epub 2017 Sep 21.
Physical impairments affect a substantial number of older adults in the United States, with rates increasing with advancing age. Impairment is linked with compromised well-being, although the reasons are not fully understood. We explore the extent to which linkages between impairment severity and well-being are accounted for by older adults' daily activities. We speculate that activities may influence global appraisals of well-being by offering the opportunity to fulfill productive and social roles and may influence daily emotions by shaping the context (places, people) in which life occurs.
We examine the effects of impairment severity on life satisfaction and four diary-based experienced well-being measures (happiness, frustration, worry, and sadness). Data are from the Disability and Use of Time supplement to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics ( = 1,606), a national sample of adults ages 60 years and older in the United States. We estimate nested regression models, taking into account within-person correlations for experienced well-being.
Impairment severity is associated with poorer assessments of life satisfaction and all four dimensions of experienced well-being. Activity measures, which encompass eight productive (e.g., household chores) and three leisure (e.g., socializing) activities, account for 10% of the association between impairment and life satisfaction, and virtually none of the association between impairment and experienced well-being. However, psychosocial factors including higher neuroticism, lower self-efficacy, and poorer quality social relationships account for a sizeable share of the associations.
Role-fulfilling aspects of activities appear to be more central than contextual aspects of activities to the impairment-well-being relationship. However, potentially modifiable psychosocial factors account for a much greater share of this relationship. Further research is needed on whether interventions targeting these psychosocial factors might bolster emotional well-being for older adults experiencing impairments.
身体机能受损影响着美国大量的老年人，且随着年龄增长，受损率不断上升。尽管其中原因尚未完全明晰，但机能受损与幸福感受损相关。我们探究老年人的日常活动在多大程度上解释了机能受损严重程度与幸福感之间的联系。我们推测，日常活动可能通过提供履行生产性和社会角色的机会来影响对幸福感的整体评估，并且可能通过塑造生活发生的背景（场所、人物）来影响日常情绪。
我们研究机能受损严重程度对生活满意度以及四种基于日记的体验幸福感指标（幸福、沮丧、担忧和悲伤）的影响。数据来自收入动态面板研究的《残疾与时间利用》补充调查（样本量(n = 1606)），该调查是对美国60岁及以上成年人的全国性抽样。我们估计嵌套回归模型，同时考虑体验幸福感的个体内相关性。
机能受损严重程度与生活满意度较差以及体验幸福感的所有四个维度均相关。活动指标涵盖八项生产性活动（如家务）和三项休闲活动（如社交），它们解释了机能受损与生活满意度之间关联的10%，而在机能受损与体验幸福感之间的关联中几乎没有解释作用。然而，包括较高的神经质、较低的自我效能感以及较差的社会关系质量等心理社会因素在这些关联中占了相当大的比例。
对于机能受损与幸福感的关系而言，活动中履行角色的方面似乎比活动的背景方面更为核心。然而，潜在可改变的心理社会因素在这种关系中所占比例要大得多。针对这些心理社会因素的干预措施是否能提升机能受损老年人的情绪幸福感，还需要进一步研究。
