Pharmacogenetics of Antidiabetic Drugs.

Pharmacogenetic studies of antidiabetic drugs have so far focused largely on response to metformin, which is the first-line therapy for treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The first studies of metformin pharmacogenetics were focused on candidate genes that were implicated in metformin pharmacokinetics and transport. Since 2011, genome-wide association studies have been conducted in large cohorts of individuals with T2D identifying genes that are associated with glycemic response to metformin. There have been fewer pharmacogenetic studies of other antidiabetic drugs, and those have been largely limited to candidate gene studies with small sample sizes. Understanding the pharmacogenetics of antidiabetes medications is important for the integration of genetic screening into therapeutic decision making, and to achieve the goal of "precision medicine" for patients with T2D. In this chapter, we provide a review of the pharmacogenetics investigations of metformin and other antidiabetes medications. In addition, we highlight the importance of collaborative efforts with large sample size and representation from multiple ethnic groups in pharmacogenetics studies.