Department of Genetics, Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo. Russia; Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kemerovo, Russia.
Department of Microbiology and Tumor Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm. Sweden.
Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res. 2018 Apr-Jun;776:70-77. doi: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.04.002. Epub 2018 Apr 23.
The living environment is a multilevel physical and chemical xenobiotic complex with potentially mutagenic effects and health risks. In addition to inorganic exposures, all terrestrial and aquatic living forms interact with microbiota as selectively established communities of bacteria, viruses and fungi. Along these lines, the human organism should then be considered a "meta-organism" with complex dynamics of interaction between the environment and microbiome. Bacterial communities within the microbiome, bacteriome, by its mass, symbiotic or competitive position and composition are in a fragile balance with the host organisms and have a crucial impact on their homeostasis. Bacteriome taxonomic composition is modulated by age, sex and host genetic profile and may be changed by adverse environmental exposures and life style factors such as diet or drug intake. A changed and/or misbalanced bacteriome has genotoxic potential with significant impact on the pathogenesis of acute, chronic and neoplastic diseases in the host organism. Bacteria may produce genotoxins, express a variety of pathways in which they generate free radicals or affect DNA repair causing genome damage, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, modulate immune response and launch carcinogenesis in the host organism. Future investigations should focus on the interplay between exposure to xenobiotics and bacteriome composition, immunomodulation caused by misbalanced bacteriome, impact of the environment on bacteriome composition in children and its lifelong effect on health risks.
生活环境是一个多层次的理化外源性化学物质复杂体，具有潜在的诱变作用和健康风险。除了无机暴露外，所有陆地和水生生物形式都与微生物群落相互作用，这些微生物群落是由细菌、病毒和真菌选择性建立的社区。沿着这些思路，人类机体应该被视为一个“元机体”，具有环境和微生物组之间复杂的相互作用动态。微生物组中的细菌群落，即细菌组，其质量、共生或竞争地位和组成与宿主生物体处于脆弱的平衡状态，并对其体内平衡具有至关重要的影响。细菌组的分类组成受年龄、性别和宿主遗传特征的调节，并且可能因环境暴露和生活方式因素（如饮食或药物摄入）而发生变化。改变和/或失衡的细菌组具有遗传毒性潜力，对宿主生物体中急性、慢性和肿瘤性疾病的发病机制有重大影响。细菌可能产生遗传毒性物质，表达多种生成自由基的途径，或影响 DNA 修复导致基因组损伤、细胞周期停滞和细胞凋亡，调节免疫反应并引发宿主生物体的癌变。未来的研究应集中于外源性化学物质暴露与细菌组组成、失衡的细菌组引起的免疫调节、环境对儿童细菌组组成的影响及其对健康风险的终身影响之间的相互作用。
