Stefanaki Charikleia, Peppa Melpomeni, Mastorakos George, Chrousos George P
1st Department of Pediatrics, Choremeio Research Laboratory, Athens University Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece.
Endocrine Unit, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine Propaedeutic, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
Metabolism. 2017 Aug;73:52-66. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.04.014. Epub 2017 May 1.
Human gut microbiome is defined as the gene complement of the gut microbial community, measured via laboratory metagenomic techniques. It includes bacteriome, virome and mycobiome, which represent, respectively, the assemblages of bacteria, viruses and fungi, living in the human gut. Gut microbiota function as a living "organ" that interacts with the gastro-intestinal environment, provides nutrients and vitamins to the organism and transduces hormonal messages, essentially influencing the main metabolic pathways, including drug metabolism. A clear association between gut, and glucose metabolism disorders has recently emerged. Medications acting on glucose absorption in the gut, or enhancing gut hormone activity are already extensively employed in the therapy of diabetes. Moreover, the gut is characterized by immune, and autonomous neuronal features, which play a critical role in maintaining glucose metabolism homeostasis. Gut microbes respond to neuroendocrine, and immune biochemical messages, affecting the health, and behavior of the host. There is vast heterogeneity in the studies included in this review, hence a meta-analysis, or a systematic review were not applicable. In this article, we attempt to reveal the interplay between human gut microbiota physiology, and hyperglycemic states, synthesizing, and interpreting findings from human studies.
人类肠道微生物群被定义为肠道微生物群落的基因组成，通过实验室宏基因组技术进行测量。它包括细菌群落、病毒群落和真菌群落，分别代表生活在人类肠道中的细菌、病毒和真菌的集合。肠道微生物群作为一个活的“器官”，与胃肠道环境相互作用，为机体提供营养和维生素，并传递激素信息，从根本上影响包括药物代谢在内的主要代谢途径。最近，肠道与葡萄糖代谢紊乱之间出现了明确的关联。作用于肠道葡萄糖吸收或增强肠道激素活性的药物已广泛应用于糖尿病治疗。此外，肠道具有免疫和自主神经特征，在维持葡萄糖代谢稳态中起关键作用。肠道微生物对神经内分泌和免疫生化信息作出反应，影响宿主的健康和行为。本综述纳入的研究存在很大的异质性，因此不适用荟萃分析或系统评价。在本文中，我们试图揭示人类肠道微生物群生理学与高血糖状态之间的相互作用，综合并解释来自人体研究的结果。
