Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria Km 29, 3 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy.
The Henry A Wallace Agricultural Research Centre, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
Plant Sci. 2018 Jul;272:193-206. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.04.020. Epub 2018 Apr 27.
Retrograde signaling is an intracellular communication process defined by cues generated in chloroplast and mitochondria which traverse membranes to their destination in the nucleus in order to regulate nuclear gene expression and protein synthesis. The coding and decoding of such organellar message(s) involve gene medleys and metabolic components about which more is known in higher plants than the unicellular organisms such as algae. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is an oxygenic microalgal model for genetic and physiological studies. It harbors a single chloroplast and is amenable for generating mutants. The focus of this review is on studies that delineate retrograde signaling in Chlamydomonas vis a vis higher plants. Thus, communication networks between chloroplast and nucleus involving photosynthesis- and ROS-generated signals, functional tetrapyrrole biosynthesis intermediates, and Ca-signaling that modulate nuclear gene expression in this alga are discussed. Conceptually, different signaling components converge to regulate either the same or functionally-overlapping gene products.
逆行信号转导是一种细胞内通讯过程，其特征是叶绿体和线粒体中产生的信号穿过膜，到达细胞核中的靶标，以调节核基因表达和蛋白质合成。这种细胞器信号的编码和解码涉及基因混合物和代谢成分，关于这些内容，高等植物比单细胞生物（如藻类）了解得更多。莱茵衣藻是遗传和生理研究的产氧微藻模式生物。它含有一个单一的叶绿体，并且易于生成突变体。本篇综述的重点是阐述莱茵衣藻中逆行信号转导的相关研究，同时还讨论了涉及光合作用和 ROS 产生的信号、功能性四吡咯生物合成中间体以及钙信号等，在调节该藻类核基因表达方面的作用。从概念上讲，不同的信号成分汇聚在一起，调节相同或功能上重叠的基因产物。
