Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.
Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2018 Jul;61:38-43. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.05.016. Epub 2018 May 23.
The aim was to compare the clinical (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP], probing pocket depth [PPD] and clinical attachment loss [CAL]) and radiographic (marginal bone loss [MBL]) periodontal parameters and whole salivary cotinine, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 levels among cigarette-smokers, waterpipe-smokers, E-cig users and never-smokers. In total, 154 male individuals (39 cigarette-smokers, 40 waterpipe-smokers, 37 E-cig users and 38 never-smokers) were included. Full mouth PI, BOP, PPD and CAL were measured on all teeth (excluding third molars); and MBL was measured in digital intra-oral radiographs. Unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (UWSFR) and whole salivary cotinine, IL-1β and IL-6 levels were measured. Group comparisons were performed using one way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post-hoc tests. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. There was no difference in UWSFR among the groups. Cotinine levels were significantly higher among cigarette- (P < 0.001) and waterpipe-smokers (P < 0.001) and E-cig users (P < 0.001) than never-smokers. IL-1β (P < 0.01) and IL-6 (P < 0.01) levels were significantly higher among cigarette- and waterpipe-smokers than E-cig users and never-smokers. There was no difference in PPD, CAL, mesial and distal MBL and whole salivary IL-1β and IL-6 levels among E-cig users and never-smokers. In conclusion, clinical and radiographic parameters of periodontal inflammation were poorer in cigarette and waterpipe smokers than E-cig users and never-smokers; and whole salivary cotinine levels were similar in all groups. Whole salivary IL-1β and IL-6 levels were higher in cigarette- and waterpipe-smokers than E-cig users and never-smokers.
目的是比较吸烟人群（包括香烟吸烟者、水烟吸烟者、电子烟使用者和非吸烟者）的临床（菌斑指数[PI]、探诊出血[BOP]、探诊牙周袋深度[PPD]和临床附着丧失[CAL]）和影像学（边缘骨丧失[MBL]）牙周参数以及全唾液可替宁、白细胞介素（IL）-1β和 IL-6 水平。共纳入 154 名男性个体（39 名香烟吸烟者、40 名水烟吸烟者、37 名电子烟使用者和 38 名非吸烟者）。在所有牙齿（不包括第三磨牙）上测量全口 PI、BOP、PPD 和 CAL；并在数字口腔内放射片中测量 MBL。测量非刺激性全唾液流速（UWSFR）和全唾液可替宁、IL-1β 和 IL-6 水平。使用单因素方差分析和 Bonferroni 事后检验进行组间比较。P 值小于 0.05 被认为具有统计学意义。各组间 UWSFR 无差异。香烟吸烟者（P<0.001）和水烟吸烟者（P<0.001）以及电子烟使用者（P<0.001）的可替宁水平明显高于非吸烟者。香烟吸烟者和水烟吸烟者的 IL-1β（P<0.01）和 IL-6（P<0.01）水平明显高于电子烟使用者和非吸烟者。电子烟使用者和非吸烟者的 PPD、CAL、近中和远中 MBL 以及全唾液 IL-1β 和 IL-6 水平无差异。结论：与电子烟使用者和非吸烟者相比，香烟和水烟吸烟者的牙周炎临床和影像学参数更差；且所有组的全唾液可替宁水平相似。香烟吸烟者和水烟吸烟者的全唾液 IL-1β 和 IL-6 水平高于电子烟使用者和非吸烟者。
