Reynolds Gemma, Reed Phil
Department of Psychology, Middlesex University, Hendon.
Department of Psychology, Swansea University.
J Exp Psychol Anim Learn Cogn. 2018 Jul;44(3):293-308. doi: 10.1037/xan0000175. Epub 2018 May 31.
The phenomenon whereby behavior becomes controlled by one aspect of the environment at the expense of other aspects of the environment (stimulus overselectivity) is widespread across many intellectual and developmental disabilities. However, the theoretical mechanisms underpinning overselectivity are not understood. Given similarities between overselectivity and overshadowing, exploring overselectivity using associative learning paradigms might allow better theoretical understanding of the phenomenon. Three experiments explored overselectivity using a simultaneous discrimination task with typically developing participants undergoing a cognitively demanding task. Experiment 1 investigated whether stimulus duration effects found within the overshadowing literature also occurred in an overselectivity paradigm, and demonstrated that greater overselectivity was observed when stimuli were presented for short durations (2s and 5s) compared with longer durations (10s). Experiment 2 demonstrated that a posttraining revaluation procedure resulted in retrospective revaluation for stimuli presented at shorter durations (2s) and mediated extinction for stimuli presented at longer durations (10s). Such results replicate findings from the overshadowing literature that have been interpreted in terms of within-compound associations while also supporting assumptions made by an extended comparator hypothesis. Experiment 3 uses an additional control condition to further demonstrate that the retrospective revaluation is a genuine revaluation effect. Additionally, the experiment provides further evidence for the within-compound association explanation of the results through manipulating the consistency with which elements of a compound were paired during training. Taken together, the findings highlight the necessity to consider the role of within-compound associations in overselectivity, allowing for a better understanding of overselectivity effects. (PsycINFO Database Record
行为受环境的一个方面控制而以牺牲环境的其他方面为代价的现象（刺激过度选择性）在许多智力和发育障碍中广泛存在。然而，支撑过度选择性的理论机制尚不清楚。鉴于过度选择性和遮蔽效应之间的相似性，使用联想学习范式探索过度选择性可能会使对该现象有更好的理论理解。三项实验使用同时辨别任务对典型发育的参与者进行认知要求较高的任务，以此来探索过度选择性。实验1研究了遮蔽文献中发现的刺激持续时间效应是否也出现在过度选择性范式中，并证明与较长持续时间（10秒）相比，当刺激以较短持续时间（2秒和5秒）呈现时，观察到更大的过度选择性。实验2表明，训练后重新评估程序导致对较短持续时间（2秒）呈现的刺激进行回顾性重新评估，并介导对较长持续时间（10秒）呈现的刺激的消退。这些结果重复了遮蔽文献中的发现，这些发现已根据复合体内关联进行了解释，同时也支持了扩展比较器假设所做的假设。实验3使用额外的控制条件进一步证明回顾性重新评估是一种真正的重新评估效应。此外，该实验通过操纵训练期间复合物元素配对的一致性，为结果的复合体内关联解释提供了进一步的证据。综上所述，这些发现突出了考虑复合体内关联在过度选择性中的作用的必要性，从而能够更好地理解过度选择性效应。（PsycINFO数据库记录）
