National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Fort Collins, CO 80521; Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie 82071.
Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie 82071.
J Dairy Sci. 2018 Aug;101(8):6982-6989. doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-14091. Epub 2018 May 30.
The World Health Organization recently recognized the Republic of Kosovo as one of the highest consumers per capita of antibiotics for human use among non-European Union Eastern European countries; however, data are limited regarding antimicrobial usage and antimicrobial resistance in the livestock sector for this recently formed country. The objective of this study was to conduct the first nationwide survey of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes in indicator bacteria collected from dairy farms in Kosovo. Composite fecal samples were collected from 52 farms located within all 7 administrative districts of Kosovo in the summer of 2014. Isolation and characterization of the indicator bacteria Escherichia coli (n = 165) and Enterococcus spp. (n = 153) from these samples was achieved by culturing on selective/differential media with and without select antibiotics, followed by MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight) mass spectrometry-based identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion method. When no selective pressure was applied in culture-based isolation, the majority of E. coli and Enterococcus spp. collected were resistant to ≤1 of 16 and ≤2 of 12 antibiotics tested, respectively. In contrast, E. coli and Enterococcus spp. isolated using sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, or erythromycin were typically resistant to at least one and often multiple antibiotic types, which primarily consisted of certain β-lactams, quinolones, sulfonamides, phenicols, and tetracyclines for E. coli isolates and macrolides, tetracyclines, and rifamycins for enterococci isolates.
世界卫生组织最近承认科索沃共和国是东欧非欧盟国家中人均抗生素（用于人类）消耗量最高的国家之一；然而，对于这个新成立的国家，关于其畜牧业中抗生素使用和抗微生物药物耐药性的数据十分有限。本研究的目的是对科索沃的奶牛场中采集的指示性细菌的抗微生物药物耐药表型进行首次全国范围的调查。2014 年夏季，从科索沃的 7 个行政区的 52 个农场中采集了混合粪便样本。通过在含有和不含有选择性抗生素的选择性/差异化培养基上培养，从这些样本中分离和鉴定出指示性细菌大肠杆菌（n = 165）和肠球菌属（n = 153），然后通过 MALDI-TOF（基质辅助激光解吸/离子化飞行时间）质谱基于鉴定和使用纸片扩散法进行的抗微生物药敏试验。当在基于培养的分离中没有施加选择性压力时，所收集的大多数大肠杆菌和肠球菌属分别对 ≤16 种抗生素中的 1 种和 ≤12 种抗生素中的 2 种耐药。相比之下，使用头孢西丁、环丙沙星或红霉素的最低抑菌浓度分离出的大肠杆菌和肠球菌属通常至少对一种，并且经常对多种抗生素类型耐药，这主要由某些β-内酰胺类、喹诺酮类、磺胺类、酚类和四环素类抗生素对大肠杆菌分离株，以及大环内酯类、四环素类和利福霉素类抗生素对肠球菌属分离株耐药。
