Visible-light-driven, water-surface-floating antimicrobials developed from graphitic carbon nitride and expanded perlite for water disinfection.

Waterborne pathogens, especially bacteria and viruses, pose significant health risks to the public, calling for the development of a sustainable, efficient, and robust disinfection strategy with reduced energy footprint and minimized byproduct formation. Here, we developed a sustainable photocatalytic composite for antimicrobial applications by integrating visible-light-responsive graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) with low-density porous expanded perlite (EP) mineral, and g-CN/EP-520 showed a high specific surface area of 45.3 m/g and optimum performance for disinfection. g-CN/EP-520 achieved 8-log inactivation of E. coli and MS2 under 180 and 240 min visible-light irradiation without stirring, respectively. Water quality parameters were found to influence the disinfection performance of g-CN/EP-520: MS2 inactivation was promoted with the increase of dissolved oxygen (DO), proton concentration, salinity (NaCl), and hardness (Ca). Importantly, g-CN/EP-520 could fully inactivate MS2 in a real source water sample with prolonged light irradiation, and negligible activity loss was observed in recycle use, demonstrating its viability and robustness for waterborne pathogen removal. Antimicrobial mechanisms of g-CN/EP-520 were systemically evaluated by radical scavenger addition, and revealed that the inactivation behavior was dependent on the type of microorganisms. Microscopic analyses confirmed that the destruction of bacterial cells and viral particles, leading to the inactivation of microorganisms.