Lanrewaju Adedayo Ayodeji, Enitan-Folami Abimbola Motunrayo, Sabiu Saheed, Swalaha Feroz Mahomed
Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa.
Front Microbiol. 2022 Sep 23;13:991856. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.991856. eCollection 2022.
Water contamination is a global health problem, and the need for safe water is ever-growing due to the public health implications of unsafe water. Contaminated water could contain pathogenic bacteria, protozoa, and viruses that are implicated in several debilitating human diseases. The prevalence and survival of waterborne viruses differ from bacteria and other waterborne microorganisms. In addition, viruses are responsible for more severe waterborne diseases such as gastroenteritis, myocarditis, and encephalitis among others, hence the need for dedicated attention to viral inactivation. Disinfection is vital to water treatment because it removes pathogens, including viruses. The commonly used methods and techniques of disinfection for viral inactivation in water comprise physical disinfection such as membrane filtration, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, and conventional chemical processes such as chlorine, monochloramine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone among others. However, the production of disinfection by-products (DBPs) that accompanies chemical methods of disinfection is an issue of great concern due to the increase in the risks of harm to humans, for example, the development of cancer of the bladder and adverse reproductive outcomes. Therefore, this review examines the conventional disinfection approaches alongside emerging disinfection technologies, such as photocatalytic disinfection, cavitation, and electrochemical disinfection. Moreover, the merits, limitations, and log reduction values (LRVs) of the different disinfection methods discussed were compared concerning virus removal efficiency. Future research needs to merge single disinfection techniques into one to achieve improved viral disinfection, and the development of medicinal plant-based materials as disinfectants due to their antimicrobial and safety benefits to avoid toxicity is also highlighted.
水污染是一个全球性的健康问题，由于不安全水对公众健康的影响，对安全水的需求日益增长。受污染的水中可能含有致病细菌、原生动物和病毒，这些都与多种使人衰弱的人类疾病有关。水传播病毒的流行和存活情况与细菌及其他水传播微生物不同。此外，病毒会引发更严重的水传播疾病，如肠胃炎、心肌炎和脑炎等，因此需要专门关注病毒的灭活。消毒对于水处理至关重要，因为它能去除包括病毒在内的病原体。水中用于病毒灭活的常用消毒方法和技术包括物理消毒，如膜过滤、紫外线（UV）照射，以及传统化学方法，如氯、一氯胺、二氧化氯和臭氧等。然而，化学消毒方法会产生消毒副产物（DBPs），这是一个备受关注的问题，因为这会增加对人类造成伤害的风险，例如膀胱癌的发生和不良生殖后果。因此, 本综述研究了传统消毒方法以及新兴消毒技术，如光催化消毒、空化和电化学消毒。此外，还比较了所讨论的不同消毒方法在病毒去除效率方面的优点、局限性和对数减少值（LRVs）。未来的研究需要将单一消毒技术结合起来以提高病毒消毒效果，并且还强调了开发基于药用植物的材料作为消毒剂，因为它们具有抗菌性且安全，可避免毒性。
