a Centre for Bacterial Stress Response and Persistence, Department of Biology , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.
b Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine , Lund University , Malmö , Sweden.
Expert Rev Vaccines. 2018 Jun;17(6):503-512. doi: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1484286. Epub 2018 Jun 18.
Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) has attracted more interest in recent years due to an increased prevalence of infections caused by the pathogen. This upsurge is at least partly ascribed to the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugated vaccines that has resulted in an aetiological shift in NTHi's favor with respect to upper respiratory tract infections. Moreover, an increased antimicrobial resistance has been associated with the pathogen, a fact that further strengthens the case for novel vaccine development.
A background to NTHi-mediated diseases and pathogenesis is outlined. The literature in the field of NTHi vaccine antigens and clinical trials is reviewed with focus on data added to scientific databases in the last two years. Various vaccine development strategies are conceptually discussed.
Several promising vaccine antigens have been defined in recent years. A multicomponent protein-based vaccine, potentially boosted with extracellular vesicles, would constitute a suitable path going forward. Of note, however, a clinical trial investigating the efficacy of a combined NTHi/Moraxella catarrhalis vaccine to prevent infections in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients has been initiated. But, as this clinical trial has not yet concluded, and its results are thus unknown, investigations of NTHi pathogenesis must determinedly continue.
近年来，由于由病原体引起的感染日益增多，非定型流感嗜血杆菌（NTHi）引起了更多的关注。这种上升至少部分归因于肺炎球菌结合疫苗的引入，这导致了呼吸道感染中 NTHi 的病因学转变。此外，该病原体的抗生素耐药性增加，这一事实进一步加强了新型疫苗开发的必要性。
概述了 NTHi 介导的疾病和发病机制的背景。综述了该领域关于 NTHi 疫苗抗原和临床试验的文献，重点关注了过去两年中添加到科学数据库的数据。从概念上讨论了各种疫苗开发策略。
近年来已经确定了几种有前途的疫苗抗原。一种多组分蛋白疫苗，可能与细胞外囊泡一起增强，将是一个合适的前进方向。然而，值得注意的是，一项正在研究联合使用 NTHi/卡他莫拉菌疫苗预防慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者感染的疗效的临床试验已经启动。但是，由于该临床试验尚未结束，其结果尚不清楚，因此必须继续进行 NTHi 发病机制的研究。
