Ashley-Ross Miriam A
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92717.
J Morphol. 1992 Feb;211(2):147-163. doi: 10.1002/jmor.1052110204.
Variation in myology of the hind limb among salamanders has been poorly characterized. Nineteen major hind limb muscles of Ambystoma tigrinum (Ambystomatidae) and Dicamptodon tenebrosus (Dicamptodontidae) were studied to provide baseline descriptive data on hind limb myology in salamanders and to generate hypotheses of hind limb muscle function. Most superficial muscles of the hind limbs span multiple joints, including a unique three-joint muscle, the ischioflexorius, that extends from the pelvic girdle to the plantar fascia. The deeper hind limb muscles spen single joints. No myological diffrences were observed between the hind limbs of A. tigrinum larvae and individuals that had just metamorphosed. Fully adult tiger salamanders that had been housed in terraria for many years had hypertrophied femorofibularis and ischiofemoralis muscles, a condition similar to that reported in Paramesotriton and Taricha, which engage in terrestrial locomotion. In contrast, adults of D. tenebrosus, which are also good walkers, possess a hypertrophied ischioflexorius muscle and a reduced femorofibularis. These regular myological diffences, and those described by previous workers for different salamnder taxa, may be associated with differences in life-history traits, and in the case of A. tigrinum, with patterns of muscle use.
蝾螈后肢肌肉学的变异情况一直未得到充分描述。对虎纹钝口螈（钝口螈科）和暗色斑钝口螈（钝口螈科）的19块主要后肢肌肉进行了研究，以提供蝾螈后肢肌肉学的基线描述数据，并生成后肢肌肉功能的假设。后肢的大多数表层肌肉跨越多个关节，包括一块独特的三关节肌肉——坐骨屈肌，它从骨盆带延伸至足底筋膜。较深的后肢肌肉跨越单个关节。在虎纹钝口螈幼虫和刚变态的个体的后肢之间未观察到肌肉学差异。在饲养箱中饲养多年的成年虎螈，其股腓肌和坐骨股肌肥大，这一情况与参与陆地运动的棘螈属和肥螈属中所报道的情况相似。相比之下，同样善于行走的暗色斑钝口螈成体，其坐骨屈肌肥大，股腓肌退化。这些常规的肌肉学差异，以及先前研究人员针对不同蝾螈类群所描述的差异，可能与生活史特征的差异有关，就虎纹钝口螈而言，还与肌肉使用模式有关。
