Livezey Bradley C
Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-2454.
J Morphol. 1992 Jul;213(1):105-145. doi: 10.1002/jmor.1052130108.
The morphological corollaries of flightlessness of the kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) have been studied using skin specimens, skeletons, and pectoral dissection of an anatomical specimen. These have been compared with the closely related, flighted kea (Nestor notabilis), and secondarily with other Psittaciformes and the convergent hoatzin (Cuculiformes: Opisthocomus hoazin). S. habroptilus is the most massive and sexually dimorphic psittaciform in the world, and has the smallest relative wing size of any parrot. Alar pterylography of S. habroptilus is similar to that of other parrots, but remiges of the species are shorter, comparatively rounded, show less asymmetry of vanes, and have fewer interlocking barbules distally. S. habroptilus shows peculiarities of the sternum (vestigial carina, shortened spina externa), coracoid (elongate processus lateralis, enlarged angle with scapula), and humerus (prominent tuberculum ventrale, undercut crista bicipitalis). Pectoral skeletal dimensions of S. habroptilus are smaller than those of N. notabilis, whereas the reverse is true for pelvic dimensions. Most skeletal dimensions of S. habroptilus are more variable (within sexes) than those of N. notabilis. Proximal wing elements are disproportionately long and distal elements disproportionately short in S. habroptilus. The legs of S. habroptilus are characterized by disproportionately long femora and disproportionately short tarsometatarsi. Distinctive features of the pectoral musculature of S. habroptilus include a greatly reduced Mm. pectoralis thoracica and supracoracoideus, the absence of a distinct proximal muscle belly of M. propatagialis tendo longus, an extensive M. cucullaris capitis clavicularis associated with a voluminous crop, and an essentially tendinous M. sternocoracoideus. Relative to mean body mass, all dimensions of the antebrachial, carpometacarpal, digital, and patagial muscles are smaller in S. habroptilus than in N. notabilis. These aspects are compared to those of other flightless birds. Discussed are implications of flightlessness and associated large body size of S. habroptilus for issues of thermodynamics, metabolism, activity patterns, digestive anatomy, diet, reproduction, and insularit. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
已利用鸮鹦鹉（Strigops habroptilus）的皮肤标本、骨骼以及一具解剖标本的胸部解剖研究了其丧失飞行能力后的形态学特征。将这些与亲缘关系相近、能够飞行的啄羊鹦鹉（Nestor notabilis）进行了比较，其次还与其他鹦鹉目鸟类以及趋同进化的麝雉（鹃形目：麝雉Opisthocomus hoazin）进行了比较。鸮鹦鹉是世界上体型最大且具有两性异形的鹦鹉目鸟类，其相对翼展在所有鹦鹉中最小。鸮鹦鹉的翅羽分布与其他鹦鹉相似，但该物种的飞羽较短，相对圆润，羽片不对称性较小，且远端的连锁小羽枝较少。鸮鹦鹉的胸骨（龙骨突退化、外侧棘缩短）、乌喙骨（外侧突延长、与肩胛骨夹角增大）和肱骨（腹侧结节突出、肱二头肌嵴下切）均有独特之处。鸮鹦鹉胸部骨骼尺寸小于啄羊鹦鹉，而骨盆尺寸则相反。鸮鹦鹉的大多数骨骼尺寸（在性别内部）比啄羊鹦鹉的变化更大。在鸮鹦鹉中，近端翅羽元素不成比例地长，远端元素不成比例地短。鸮鹦鹉的腿部特征是股骨不成比例地长，跗跖骨不成比例地短。鸮鹦鹉胸肌组织的独特特征包括胸胸肌和胸上肌大大减少，肱三头肌腱长肌近端无明显的肌腹，与膨大嗉囊相关的胸锁头肌广泛，以及胸乌喙肌基本为腱性。相对于平均体重，鸮鹦鹉前臂肌、腕掌肌、指肌和翼膜肌的所有尺寸均小于啄羊鹦鹉。将这些方面与其他不会飞的鸟类进行了比较。讨论了鸮鹦鹉丧失飞行能力及相关的大体型对热力学、新陈代谢、活动模式、消化解剖结构、饮食、繁殖和岛屿特性等问题的影响。© 1992威利 - 利斯公司。
