Tomato SlAN11 regulates flavonoid biosynthesis and seed dormancy by interaction with bHLH proteins but not with MYB proteins.

The flavonoid compounds are important secondary metabolites with versatile human nutritive benefits and fulfill a multitude of functions during plant growth and development. The abundance of different flavonoid compounds are finely tuned with species-specific pattern by a ternary MBW complex, which consists of a MYB, a bHLH, and a WD40 protein, but the essential role of SlAN11, which is a WD40 protein, is not fully understood in tomato until now. In this study, a tomato WD40 protein named as SlAN11 was characterized as an effective transcription regulator to promote plant anthocyanin and seed proanthocyanidin (PA) contents, with late flavonoid biosynthetic genes activated in transgenic lines, while the dihydroflavonol flow to the accumulation of flavonols or their glycosylated derivatives was reduced by repressing the expression of in this -overexpressed lines. The above changes were reversed in transgenic lines except remained levels of flavonol compounds and expression. Interestingly, our data revealed that gene could affect seed dormancy by regulating the expressions of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling-related genes and , and the sensitivity to ABA treatment in seed germination is conversely changed by -overexpressed or -downregulated lines. Yeast two-hybrid assays demonstrated that SlAN11 interacted with bHLH but not with MYB proteins in the ternary MBW complex, whereas bHLH interacted with MYB in tomato. Our results indicated that low level of anthocyanins in tomato fruits, with low expression of bHLH () and MYB ( and ) genes, remain unchanged upon modification of gene alone in the transgenic lines. These results suggest that the tomato WD40 protein SlAN11, coordinating with bHLH and MYB proteins, plays a crucial role in the fine adjustment of the flavonoid biosynthesis and seed dormancy in tomato.