University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
Estación Biológica de Doñana CSIC, Sevilla, Spain.
J Exp Zool A Ecol Integr Physiol. 2018 Oct;329(8-9):511-521. doi: 10.1002/jez.2184. Epub 2018 Jun 12.
For many decades, the spectral composition of lighting was determined by the type of lamp, which also influenced potential effects of outdoor lights on species and ecosystems. Light-emitting diode (LED) lamps have dramatically increased the range of spectral profiles of light that is economically viable for outdoor lighting. Because of the array of choices, it is necessary to develop methods to predict the effects of different spectral profiles without conducting field studies, especially because older lighting systems are being replaced rapidly. We describe an approach to predict responses of exemplar organisms and groups to lamps of different spectral output by calculating an index based on action spectra from behavioral or visual characteristics of organisms and lamp spectral irradiance. We calculate relative response indices for a range of lamp types and light sources and develop an index that identifies lamps that minimize predicted effects as measured by ecological, physiological, and astronomical indices. Using these assessment metrics, filtered yellow-green and amber LEDs are predicted to have lower effects on wildlife than high pressure sodium lamps, while blue-rich lighting (e.g., K ≥ 2200) would have greater effects. The approach can be updated with new information about behavioral or visual responses of organisms and used to test new lighting products based on spectrum. Together with control of intensity, direction, and duration, the approach can be used to predict and then minimize the adverse effects of lighting and can be tailored to individual species or taxonomic groups.
几十年来，照明的光谱组成取决于灯具的类型，这也影响了户外灯光对物种和生态系统的潜在影响。发光二极管（LED）灯极大地增加了经济上可行的户外照明的光谱谱线范围。由于选择范围广泛，有必要开发预测不同光谱谱线影响的方法，而无需进行实地研究，特别是因为旧的照明系统正在迅速被取代。我们描述了一种通过计算基于生物体行为或视觉特征和灯具光谱辐照度的作用光谱的指数来预测不同光谱输出的灯具对典型生物体和群体的反应的方法。我们为一系列灯具类型和光源计算相对响应指数，并开发一个指数，该指数可以识别出通过生态、生理和天文指数来衡量的最小化预测影响的灯具。使用这些评估指标，预测过滤后的黄绿光和琥珀色 LED 对野生动物的影响将低于高压钠灯，而富含蓝光的照明（例如，K≥2200）的影响将更大。该方法可以使用有关生物体行为或视觉反应的新信息进行更新，并基于光谱测试新的照明产品。与强度、方向和持续时间的控制相结合，该方法可用于预测并最小化照明的不利影响，并可针对特定物种或分类群进行定制。
