Assari Shervin, Gibbons Frederick X, Simons Ronald
Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
BRITE Center for Science, Research and Policy, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Brain Sci. 2018 Jun 12;8(6):108. doi: 10.3390/brainsci8060108.
Although high socioeconomic status (SES) is traditionally conceptualized as a health protective factor, recent literature has documented positive associations between SES (e.g., income) and depression among Blacks, including Black youth. To extend the results of this recent literature, the current study used the Family and Community Health Study (FACHS) data to examine the multiplicative effects of gender, place, and SES on average depressive symptoms of Black youth over a long period of time. FACHS, 1997⁻2017, followed 889 Black children aged 10⁻12 years old for up to 18 years. Depressive symptoms were measured in seven waves. The main predictors of interest were two SES indicators, parent education and family income measured at baseline (1997). Main outcome of interest was average depressive symptoms over the 18 year follow up period. Place of residence and gender were the focal moderators. Linear regression models were used for data analysis. In the pooled sample, living in a predominantly White area was associated with higher average depressive symptoms over time, however, this association was fully explained by higher perceived racial discrimination in the predominantly White areas. We found an interaction between income and place of residence on average depressive symptoms, suggesting that higher income is associated with more depressive symptoms in predominantly White compared to predominantly Black areas. Place did not interact with parent education on average depressive symptoms. Gender also did not interact with education or income on depressive symptoms. Findings suggest that place and SES may interact on depressive symptoms of Black youth, with high income becoming a risk factor for depressive symptoms in predominantly White areas. How SES indicators, such as income, protect or become a risk factor depend on other contextual factors, such as place of residence. There is a need to reduce discrimination experienced by Blacks, especially in predominantly White areas. Meanwhile, Black youth who live in predominantly White areas may require additional help that enhances their coping.
尽管传统上高社会经济地位（SES）被视为一种健康保护因素，但最近的文献记录了SES（如收入）与黑人（包括黑人青年）抑郁症之间的正相关关系。为了扩展这一最新文献的研究结果，本研究使用家庭与社区健康研究（FACHS）数据，来检验性别、居住地区和SES对黑人青年长期平均抑郁症状的综合影响。FACHS在1997年至2017年期间，对889名10至12岁的黑人儿童进行了长达18年的跟踪研究。抑郁症状通过七次随访进行测量。主要的预测指标是两个SES指标，即基线时（1997年）测量的父母教育程度和家庭收入。主要关注的结果是18年随访期内的平均抑郁症状。居住地区和性别是重点调节因素。采用线性回归模型进行数据分析。在汇总样本中，随着时间的推移，居住在白人占主导的地区与较高的平均抑郁症状相关，然而，这种关联完全可以由在白人占主导的地区更高的种族歧视感知来解释。我们发现收入和居住地区对平均抑郁症状存在交互作用，这表明与黑人占主导的地区相比，在白人占主导的地区，较高的收入与更多的抑郁症状相关。居住地区与父母教育程度对平均抑郁症状不存在交互作用。性别与教育程度或收入在抑郁症状方面也不存在交互作用。研究结果表明，居住地区和SES可能在黑人青年的抑郁症状上存在交互作用，在白人占主导的地区，高收入成为抑郁症状的一个风险因素。SES指标（如收入）如何起到保护作用或成为一个风险因素，取决于其他背景因素，如居住地区。有必要减少黑人所经历的歧视，尤其是在白人占主导的地区。与此同时，生活在白人占主导地区的黑人青年可能需要额外的帮助来增强他们的应对能力。
