The Nutrient Institute, Incline Village, NV.
Nutrition, Food Science & Packaging Department, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA.
J Nutr. 2018 May 1;148(5):685-692. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxy020.
Multiple hormones are involved in the regulation of food intake and glucose metabolism. Past intervention studies showed a benefit of eating breakfast on satiety, but this was possibly confounded by the disruption of habitual meal patterns.
The objective of this study was to compare hormonal responses, including insulin, leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1, ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY3-36), and cholecystokinin (CCK), between habitual breakfast eaters (Br-Es) and habitual skippers (Br-Ss) to a standard midday meal.
Thirty-two women [mean ± SD age: 22.6 ± 3.3 y; body mass index (in kg/m2): 21.8 ± 2.0] participated in a cross-sectional study that consisted of a 3-h test protocol that included a standard test meal served at 1230 with pre- and postmeal blood sampling. The protocol required that Br-Es eat a typical breakfast between 0700 and 1000, whereas Br-Ss had no breakfast meal and had fasted for 12 h. Blood was drawn 35 and 5 min prelunch and 5, 20, 35, 50, and 110 min postlunch.
Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a group difference for PYY3-36 (P = 0.001), with the Br-E group exhibiting 50-90% higher concentrations throughout the test period. Leptin tended to be different (P = 0.08) between groups, with higher mean ± SD values for the Br-S group (27.6 ± 29.6 ng/mL) compared with the Br-E group (11.5 ± 9.8 ng/mL). Partial least squares regression analysis confirmed that these 2 hormones were important contributors to the patterns of the hormones, anthropometric, clinical, and behavioral variables that differed between groups; insulin and CCK were important as well.
We found differences between the Br-E and Br-S groups in circulating gut and adipose-derived hormones measured midday, indicating that the breakfast habit is associated with the hormonal milieu before and after a midday meal. The different patterns may be short-lived or may impact metabolism later in the day. This report is a secondary analysis of a trial registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01427556.
多种激素参与调节摄食和葡萄糖代谢。过去的干预研究表明，早餐有助于增加饱腹感，但这可能与习惯性进餐模式的打乱有关。
本研究旨在比较习惯性吃早餐者（Br-Es）和习惯性不吃早餐者（Br-Ss）在摄入标准午餐时的激素反应，包括胰岛素、瘦素、胰高血糖素样肽-1、胃饥饿素、肽 YY（PYY3-36）和胆囊收缩素（CCK）。
32 名女性[平均年龄±标准差（y）：22.6±3.3；体重指数（kg/m2）：21.8±2.0]参与了一项横断面研究，该研究包括一个 3 小时的测试方案，其中包括 1230 时提供的标准测试餐，并在餐前和餐后进行采血。方案要求 Br-Es 在 0700 至 1000 之间吃一顿典型的早餐，而 Br-Ss 则不吃早餐，并禁食 12 小时。采血时间分别为午餐前 35 分钟和 5 分钟、午餐后 5、20、35、50 和 110 分钟。
重复测量方差分析显示，PYY3-36 存在组间差异（P=0.001），Br-E 组在整个测试期间的浓度高出 50%-90%。瘦素在组间也有差异趋势（P=0.08），Br-S 组的平均（±SD）值（27.6±29.6 ng/mL）高于 Br-E 组（11.5±9.8 ng/mL）。偏最小二乘回归分析证实，这两种激素是区分组间激素、人体测量学、临床和行为变量模式的重要因素；胰岛素和 CCK 也很重要。
我们发现，在午餐时测量的循环肠和脂肪衍生激素中，Br-E 组和 Br-S 组之间存在差异，这表明早餐习惯与午餐前后的激素环境有关。这些不同的模式可能是短暂的，也可能会影响当天晚些时候的代谢。本报告是在 clinicaltrials.gov 上注册的临床试验（NCT01427556）的二次分析。
