Ketamine and bupivacaine attenuate post-operative pain following total knee arthroplasty: A randomized clinical trial.

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is highly associated with post-operative pain. The present randomized trial aimed to explore the possible post-operative pain management by a different combination of analgesics or opioids (ketamine and bupivacaine) following TKA. A total of 84 patients were randomly divided into four groups. All subjects were anesthetized for TKA surgery and received post-operative pain management via intra-articular saline (control group; n=23), ketamine (2 mg/kg) infused with saline (ket group; n=21) bupivacaine (0.5 mg/kg) infused with saline (bupi group; n=20) or ketamine (2 mg/kg)+bupivacaine (0.5 mg/kg) infused with saline (ket+bupi group; n=20) at the end of the surgery. Additional, post-operative analgesia was infused with the aid of patient-controlled analgesia with morphine. A reduction in the levels of pain score (verbal rating scale and visual analog scale), opioid consumption, time of ambulation, hospital stay and adverse events were observed in the ket+bupi group compared with the other groups. Meanwhile, the satisfaction score and knee flexion degree were improved following treatment with the ket+bupi regimen. Therefore, the multimodal analgesic regimen (ket+bupi) may be useful in mitigating post-operative pain as and improving knee mobilization following TKA.